Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis

Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC) is a highly contagious eye infection caused by an adenovirus. It is characterized by inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva, resulting in discomfort, blurred vision, and light sensitivity.

Etiology

EKC is primarily caused by adenovirus serotypes 8, 19, and 37. The adenovirus is a double-stranded DNA virus that is highly resistant to chemical and physical agents, as well as to adverse environmental conditions, which allows it to survive for long periods on surfaces.

Transmission

EKC is highly contagious and is typically spread through direct contact with an infected individual or by touching contaminated surfaces. The virus can survive on surfaces for up to 30 days. It can also be spread through contaminated ophthalmic instruments and solutions.

Clinical Presentation

Patients with EKC often present with a sudden onset of redness, tearing, and discomfort in one or both eyes. Other symptoms may include blurred vision, light sensitivity, and a foreign body sensation. In severe cases, corneal inflammation can lead to the formation of subepithelial infiltrates, which can cause permanent visual impairment.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of EKC is typically based on clinical presentation. Laboratory testing is not usually necessary, but when required, it can be done through virus isolation, serology, or molecular methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Treatment

There is no specific antiviral treatment for EKC. Management is primarily supportive, focusing on relieving symptoms and preventing the spread of the virus. This may include the use of artificial tears, cold compresses, and topical antihistamines or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). In severe cases, topical corticosteroids may be used to reduce inflammation.

Prevention

Prevention of EKC involves strict hygiene measures, including frequent hand washing, avoiding touching the eyes, and cleaning potentially contaminated surfaces. In healthcare settings, strict infection control measures should be implemented to prevent the spread of the virus.

See Also

• Conjunctivitis
• Corneal ulcer
• Eye infection
• Adenovirus