Chorionic somatomammotropin

Chorionic Somatomammotropin (also known as placental lactogen) is a polypeptide hormone produced by the placenta during pregnancy. It is structurally and functionally similar to both prolactin and growth hormone. Its main roles are to stimulate the mammary glands for lactation, to regulate metabolism in the mother, and to promote the growth and development of the fetus.

Production and Structure

Chorionic somatomammotropin is produced by the syncytiotrophoblast, a layer of the placenta. Its production begins early in pregnancy and increases steadily, reaching its peak near term. The hormone is a polypeptide, consisting of a single chain of amino acids, and shares a significant degree of structural similarity with human growth hormone.

Function

The primary functions of chorionic somatomammotropin are to prepare the maternal body for breastfeeding and to regulate maternal and fetal metabolism. It acts to increase the availability of glucose and lipids for the growing fetus by modulating the metabolic activities of the mother. This includes reducing maternal insulin sensitivity, which helps to ensure a continuous supply of glucose to the fetus. Additionally, chorionic somatomammotropin stimulates the mammary glands in preparation for lactation.

Role in Fetal Development

Chorionic somatomammotropin also plays a direct role in fetal development. It promotes the growth of the fetus by stimulating the secretion of Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) in the placenta, which has growth-promoting effects on fetal tissues.

Clinical Significance

Abnormal levels of chorionic somatomammotropin can indicate problems with the pregnancy. Low levels may suggest issues with the placenta or fetal growth, while unusually high levels can be associated with conditions like gestational diabetes. Monitoring the levels of this hormone can, therefore, provide valuable information about the health of the pregnancy.

Research and Applications

Research into chorionic somatomammotropin continues to uncover its various roles in pregnancy and its potential applications in treating pregnancy-related complications or conditions affecting fetal growth. Understanding the hormone's actions can also contribute to the development of therapies for metabolic conditions.