Citrus limonum

Citrus limonum, commonly known as the lemon, is a species of small evergreen tree in the flowering plant family Rutaceae, native to South Asia, primarily North-eastern India. The tree's ellipsoidal yellow fruit is used for culinary and non-culinary purposes throughout the world, primarily for its juice, which has both culinary and cleaning uses. The pulp and rind (zest) are also used in cooking and baking. The juice of the lemon is about 5% to 6% citric acid, which gives lemons a sour taste. The distinctive sour taste of lemon juice makes it a key ingredient in drinks and foods such as lemonade and lemon meringue pie.

Description

The Citrus limonum tree is small and evergreen, growing to about 3 to 6 meters (10 to 20 feet) tall, with a spreading branch system. The leaves are dark green and shiny, with a serrated edge. Flowers are white and pink-tinged, appearing in spring and intermittently throughout the year. The fruit matures in 6 to 9 months, turning from green to yellow when ripe.

Cultivation

Lemon trees thrive in a Mediterranean climate, requiring full sunlight for adequate growth. They are grown in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. Lemons are harvested primarily for their juice, which is a significant source of vitamin C. They are propagated from seed or by grafting onto rootstocks.

Uses

Culinary

Lemon juice is widely known for its culinary uses, as it is a common additive in various dishes. It is used to add flavor to baked goods, desserts, and cocktails, and to preserve and marinate foods. Lemon zest, the grated outer rind of the fruit, is also used to add flavor to baked goods and dishes.

Non-Culinary

Beyond the kitchen, lemon juice is used as a natural cleaning agent, owing to its acidic properties. It can remove stains, disinfect surfaces, and even freshen the air. In traditional medicine, lemon has been used to relieve symptoms of various conditions, including scurvy, due to its high vitamin C content.

Varieties

There are several varieties of Citrus limonum, including 'Eureka', 'Lisbon', and 'Meyer', each with unique characteristics. 'Eureka' and 'Lisbon' are the more common varieties found in supermarkets, while 'Meyer' lemons are sweeter and less acidic.

Cultural Significance

Lemons have held various roles in literature, art, and folklore. They are often associated with freshness, cleanliness, and their medicinal properties. In many cultures, lemons are a symbol of happiness, love, and fidelity.

Conservation

While Citrus limonum is not currently listed as endangered, the species faces threats from agricultural pests and diseases such as citrus greening disease, which can significantly impact lemon production and quality.