Amino acid
Amino acids are organic molecules that serve as the building blocks for proteins. Comprising a central carbon atom to which an amino group (-NH2), a carboxyl group (-COOH), a hydrogen atom, and a unique side chain (often referred to as an "R" group) are bonded, these compounds play a critical role in various biological processes.
Characteristics[edit | edit source]
Amino acids have a general structure which consists of a central carbon atom (alpha carbon) bonded to an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a distinct side chain. The properties and activities of each amino acid are determined by its specific side chain.
Classification[edit | edit source]
Amino acids can be categorized based on various criteria, including their side chain properties, nutritional requirements, and metabolic fate.
By Side Chain Properties[edit | edit source]
- Nonpolar (hydrophobic): Include alanine, valine, leucine, and isoleucine.
- Polar (hydrophilic): Include serine, threonine, and asparagine.
- Acidic: Include aspartate and glutamate.
- Basic: Include lysine, arginine, and histidine.
By Nutritional Requirements[edit | edit source]
- Essential amino acids: Cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be obtained from the diet. Examples include lysine, leucine, and valine.
- Non-essential amino acids: Can be synthesized by the human body. Examples include glycine, alanine, and serine.
- Conditionally essential amino acids: Typically non-essential, but under certain circumstances (e.g., disease or stress), their synthesis may be limited. Examples include arginine, cysteine, and glutamine.
Functions[edit | edit source]
Amino acids have numerous roles in the body:
- Protein Synthesis: They join together to form peptides and proteins.
- Neurotransmitter Synthesis: Amino acids like tryptophan and tyrosine are precursors to neurotransmitters serotonin and dopamine, respectively.
- Energy Production: Some can be metabolized to produce energy.
- Hormone Production: Certain hormones are derived from amino acids, like thyroxine from tyrosine.
Dietary Sources[edit | edit source]
Amino acids are commonly found in various foods, especially:
Deficiency[edit | edit source]
A deficiency in essential amino acids can lead to a variety of health issues, including muscle loss, weakened immune function, and growth retardation in children.
See Also[edit | edit source]
Amino acid Resources | ||
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Contributors: Prab R. Tumpati, MD