Fetal-maternal hemorrhage

Fetal-maternal hemorrhage (FMH) refers to the entry of fetal blood cells into the maternal circulation before or during childbirth. It is a significant cause of fetal morbidity and mortality.

Causes

FMH can occur due to various reasons, including trauma, invasive obstetric procedures, and labor. It can also occur spontaneously during pregnancy.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of FMH is often made by the Kleihauer-Betke test, which identifies fetal red blood cells in the maternal circulation. Other diagnostic methods include flow cytometry and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques.

Treatment

The treatment of FMH depends on the severity of the condition. In mild cases, no treatment may be necessary. In severe cases, intrauterine transfusion may be required. The mother may also be given Rho(D) immune globulin to prevent Rh disease in future pregnancies.

Prognosis

The prognosis of FMH depends on the severity of the condition and the timing of diagnosis and treatment. With early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, the prognosis can be favorable.

See also

• Rh disease
• Kleihauer-Betke test
• Intrauterine transfusion

References

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