Maxillary nerve

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The maxillary nerve (V2) is the second branch of the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V). It is primarily responsible for the sensory innervation of the mid-face, including the lower eyelid, upper lip, and upper teeth.

Anatomy

The maxillary nerve arises from the trigeminal ganglion in the middle cranial fossa. It travels through the cavernous sinus and exits the skull via the foramen rotundum into the pterygopalatine fossa. From there, it gives off several branches that innervate various structures of the mid-face.

Branches

The main branches of the maxillary nerve include:

• Infraorbital nerve: Provides sensation to the lower eyelid, upper lip, and part of the nasal vestibule.
• Zygomatic nerve: Divides into the zygomaticotemporal and zygomaticofacial nerves, which supply the skin over the zygomatic bone.
• Superior alveolar nerves: These are further divided into anterior, middle, and posterior superior alveolar nerves, which innervate the upper teeth and gingiva.
• Greater palatine nerve: Supplies the hard palate and the palatal gingiva.
• Lesser palatine nerve: Innervates the soft palate and the tonsils.
• Nasopalatine nerve: Provides sensation to the anterior part of the hard palate and the nasal septum.

Function

The primary function of the maxillary nerve is to provide sensory innervation to the mid-face. This includes the skin of the lower eyelid, upper lip, and cheek, as well as the mucous membranes of the nasal cavity, palate, and upper teeth.

Clinical Significance

Damage to the maxillary nerve can result in loss of sensation in its area of distribution. Conditions such as trigeminal neuralgia can affect the maxillary nerve, causing severe facial pain. Dental procedures involving the upper teeth may also involve the maxillary nerve or its branches.

See also

• Trigeminal nerve
• Mandibular nerve
• Ophthalmic nerve
• Trigeminal neuralgia

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