Mexican War of Independence

Estandarte de Hidalgo

Escudo de Allende Reverso Cruz

Doliente de Hidalgo

Bandera y Estandarte de Morelos

Bandera Nacional de Guerra de Mexico en 1815

Mexican War of Independence

The Mexican War of Independence was a pivotal conflict that took place between 1810 and 1821, which resulted in Mexico gaining independence from Spain. This war is a significant event in Mexican history and marks the end of Spanish colonial rule in the Americas. The war began with the Grito de Dolores, a call to arms by Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla on September 16, 1810, and concluded with the signing of the Treaty of Córdoba in 1821.

Background

Prior to the war, Mexico was known as New Spain and was under Spanish colonial rule for nearly 300 years. The social and economic disparities between the European-born Spaniards and the Creoles (Mexicans of Spanish descent born in the New World), alongside the influence of Enlightenment ideas and the examples set by other independence movements in the Americas, fueled the desire for independence.

The War

The initial phase of the war was led by Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a Catholic priest, who rallied the indigenous and mestizo populations to rise against the Spanish colonial government. Following Hidalgo's capture and execution in 1811, leadership passed to other revolutionary leaders, including José María Morelos, Vicente Guerrero, and Ignacio Allende, who continued the fight for freedom.

The war was characterized by its guerrilla warfare, significant battles, and the involvement of various social groups, including peasants, indigenous people, and Creoles, each with their own motivations and aspirations for the post-independence era.

Path to Victory

The turning point in the war came in 1820 when the Spanish government, weakened by its own internal struggles and the loss of its other colonies, was forced to reconsider its stance on the Mexican independence movement. In 1821, the Plan of Iguala was proclaimed by Agustín de Iturbide, a former royalist who switched sides to join the insurgents. The plan proposed a constitutional monarchy for Mexico, equality for Spaniards and Creoles, and the Roman Catholic Church as the state religion.

The culmination of the war was the signing of the Treaty of Córdoba on August 24, 1821, which recognized Mexican independence under the terms of the Plan of Iguala. Shortly thereafter, the First Mexican Empire was established with Agustín de Iturbide as its emperor.

Aftermath

The Mexican War of Independence had profound effects on Mexico and the rest of Latin America. It dismantled the colonial system and paved the way for Mexico's transition to a republic, although the country would face internal conflicts and foreign interventions in the years following independence.

The war also inspired independence movements throughout Latin America, leading to a wave of revolutions that ended Spanish and Portuguese colonial rule in the Americas by the 1830s.

Legacy

Today, the Mexican War of Independence is celebrated annually on September 16, known as Independence Day, a national holiday in Mexico. The heroes of the independence movement, such as Hidalgo, Morelos, and Guerrero, are revered as national heroes, and their contributions to Mexico's independence are commemorated in various ways throughout the country.