Urtica ferox

Urtica ferox, commonly known as ongaonga or tree nettle, is a species of nettle native to New Zealand. It is notable for its large size and the potency of its sting, which can cause severe reactions in humans and has been fatal to smaller animals. This article provides an overview of Urtica ferox, including its habitat, physical characteristics, the mechanism of its sting, and its significance in both the ecosystem and culture.

Description

Urtica ferox is a perennial nettle that can grow up to 3 meters in height. It has large, dark green leaves that are covered with stiff, needle-like hairs. These hairs are capable of injecting a potent toxin when they come into contact with skin. The plant produces small, inconspicuous flowers that are grouped in inflorescences.

Habitat

Urtica ferox is endemic to New Zealand, where it is found in a variety of habitats, including forest margins, riverbanks, and open areas. It prefers well-drained soils and can be found at elevations from sea level to the montane zone.

Toxicity and Effects

The sting of Urtica ferox is much more potent than that of the common nettle (Urtica dioica). It contains a cocktail of chemicals, including histamine, acetylcholine, and serotonin, which can cause intense pain, inflammation, and in severe cases, systemic effects such as difficulty breathing. The sting is particularly dangerous to dogs and other small animals, which can die from the effects. There have been reports of human fatalities, although these are rare.

Cultural Significance

In Māori culture, Urtica ferox has been both a source of danger and a resource. The leaves have been used traditionally for medicinal purposes, and the plant is respected for its powerful nature.

Conservation

While not currently considered endangered, Urtica ferox faces threats from habitat destruction and the encroachment of invasive species. Conservation efforts are focused on preserving its natural habitat and understanding its role in the ecosystem.

See Also

• Nettle
• Flora of New Zealand
• Toxic plants

References

Urtica ferox Resources
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