Cervical Spine

Cervical Spine

The cervical spine is the uppermost section of the vertebral column, consisting of seven vertebrae, which are abbreviated as C1 through C7. This region of the spine supports the skull, enables a wide range of head movements, and protects the spinal cord as it descends from the brain.

Anatomy

The cervical spine is composed of seven vertebrae:

• C1 (Atlas): The first cervical vertebra, known as the atlas, supports the skull and allows the nodding motion of the head. It is unique in that it lacks a vertebral body and instead forms a ring-like structure.
• C2 (Axis): The second cervical vertebra, known as the axis, has a distinctive bony projection called the odontoid process or dens, which allows the atlas and skull to rotate around it, enabling head rotation.
• C3 to C6: These vertebrae are similar in structure, each having a vertebral body, a vertebral arch, and transverse processes. They provide stability and flexibility to the neck.
• C7 (Vertebra Prominens): The seventh cervical vertebra is characterized by a prominent spinous process, which is easily palpable at the base of the neck.

Function

The cervical spine serves several critical functions:

• Support: It supports the weight of the head, which is approximately 10-12 pounds in adults.
• Movement: It allows for a wide range of head movements, including flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation.
• Protection: It encases and protects the upper portion of the spinal cord and the vertebral arteries that supply blood to the brain.

Clinical Significance

The cervical spine is susceptible to various conditions and injuries, including:

• Cervical Spondylosis: A degenerative condition often associated with aging, leading to neck pain and stiffness.
• Herniated Disc: Occurs when the intervertebral disc protrudes and compresses nearby nerves, causing pain and neurological symptoms.
• Whiplash: A neck injury resulting from a sudden acceleration-deceleration force, commonly seen in car accidents.
• Cervical Fractures: Fractures of the cervical vertebrae can occur due to trauma and may lead to serious complications if not treated promptly.

Imaging

Diagnostic imaging of the cervical spine includes:

• X-rays: Useful for assessing bone alignment and detecting fractures.
• MRI: Provides detailed images of soft tissues, including discs and nerves.
• CT scans: Offer detailed cross-sectional images of the bone structures.

Also see

• Vertebral column
• Spinal cord
• Intervertebral disc
• Neck pain