MDMA

MDMA_(simple)

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), also known as Ecstasy, Molly or simply E, is a synthetic psychoactive drug primarily known for its use as a recreational substance. It has stimulant and hallucinogenic effects, as well as empathogenic and entactogenic properties, which result in increased sociability, feelings of closeness to others, and enhanced sensory experiences. MDMA was first synthesized in 1912 and later gained popularity as a recreational drug in the 1980s.

History

MDMA was first synthesized in 1912 by the German pharmaceutical company Merck. Its psychoactive properties were not discovered until 1976, when American chemist Alexander Shulgin synthesized and tested the compound. In the 1980s, the drug gained popularity in psychotherapy as well as in party and rave culture, particularly in the United States and Europe.

Pharmacology

MDMA primarily acts as a serotonin (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE), and dopamine (DA) releasing agent. It works by inhibiting the reuptake of these neurotransmitters and increasing their release into the synaptic cleft. The increased serotonin levels lead to mood elevation, increased sociability, and feelings of empathy, while the increased norepinephrine and dopamine levels result in stimulation and increased energy.

Effects

The effects of MDMA can vary depending on the individual and the dose taken. Common effects include:

• Euphoria
• Increased sociability
• Enhanced sensory perception
• Increased empathy and emotional closeness
• Increased energy and alertness
• Mild hallucinations

Risks and side effects

While MDMA is generally considered to have a relatively low potential for addiction, it can have serious short- and long-term health risks. Some of these include:

• Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance
• Hyperthermia (dangerously high body temperature)
• Serotonin syndrome (a potentially life-threatening condition caused by excessive serotonin levels)
• Anxiety and panic attacks
• Depression and mood disturbances
• Cognitive and memory impairment
• Neurotoxicity

Legal status

The legal status of MDMA varies by country. In many countries, including the United States, MDMA is classified as a Schedule I substance under the Controlled Substances Act, making it illegal to manufacture, distribute, or possess. In other countries, it may be regulated under different schedules or classifications.

Research and therapeutic use

There is ongoing research into the potential therapeutic uses of MDMA, particularly for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and anxiety-related disorders. Preliminary results from clinical trials have shown promise, and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has granted "breakthrough therapy" designation for MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for PTSD.

References

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External links

• Erowid MDMA Vault
• National Institute on Drug Abuse: MDMA (Ecstasy/Molly) DrugFacts
• Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS): MDMA Research

See also

• Psychedelic therapy
• Recreational drug use
• Rave culture
• Harm reduction

Gallery

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  Crystals of pure MDMA

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  Ecstasy pills with various logos

Summary

In summary, MDMA is a stimulant drug that is chemically related to mescaline and amphetamine and is used illicitly for its euphoric and hallucinogenic effects; it was formerly used in psychotherapy but in 1985 it was declared illegal in the United States

MDMA Resources
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