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Herpetic keratitis is an eye disease caused by the herpes simplex virus. It is a common cause of corneal blindness in the United States and is most often seen in young adults.

Etiology

Herpetic keratitis is caused by the herpes simplex virus, which is a double-stranded DNA virus. The virus is highly contagious and can be spread through direct contact with an infected individual's lesions or body fluids.

Pathophysiology

The herpes simplex virus infects the cornea, leading to inflammation and damage. The virus can remain dormant in the trigeminal ganglion for years before reactivating and causing disease. Reactivation can be triggered by various factors such as stress, sunlight, fever, or trauma.

Clinical Presentation

Patients with herpetic keratitis typically present with pain, redness, and blurred vision in the affected eye. Other symptoms may include tearing, light sensitivity, and a feeling of something in the eye.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of herpetic keratitis is typically made based on the clinical presentation and characteristic findings on slit lamp examination. Laboratory testing is not usually necessary but can be used to confirm the diagnosis in uncertain cases.

Treatment

Treatment of herpetic keratitis involves antiviral medications to control the viral infection and topical steroids to reduce inflammation. In severe cases, corneal transplantation may be necessary.

Prognosis

With appropriate treatment, the prognosis for herpetic keratitis is generally good. However, the disease can recur and chronic cases can lead to corneal scarring and vision loss.

Prevention

Prevention of herpetic keratitis involves avoiding contact with individuals with active herpes lesions and practicing good hygiene.