Allergy immunotherapy

Allergy Immunotherapy is a medical treatment for allergies. It is also known as desensitization or hypo-sensitization. This treatment aims to decrease sensitivity to allergens, substances that trigger allergies, by introducing them to the patient's body in small doses, with the dose gradually increasing over time.

History

The concept of allergy immunotherapy was first introduced in the early 20th century. Leonard Noon, a British scientist, published a paper in 1911 describing the use of grass pollen extract to treat hay fever. This marked the beginning of a new era in allergy treatment.

Types of Allergy Immunotherapy

There are two main types of allergy immunotherapy: subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) and sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT).

Subcutaneous Immunotherapy (SCIT)

Subcutaneous immunotherapy involves injecting small doses of allergens under the skin. This method has been used for over a century and has proven effective in treating various types of allergies, including those caused by pollen, dust mites, and insect stings.

Sublingual Immunotherapy (SLIT)

Sublingual immunotherapy is a newer form of allergy immunotherapy. It involves placing a tablet containing allergens under the tongue. This method is less invasive than SCIT and can be administered at home, making it a more convenient option for many patients.

Effectiveness

Numerous studies have shown that allergy immunotherapy can significantly reduce allergy symptoms and the need for other medications. It is the only treatment that can alter the natural course of allergies, potentially preventing the development of new allergies and asthma.

Risks and Side Effects

Like any medical treatment, allergy immunotherapy carries some risks. The most common side effects are local reactions, such as swelling or redness at the injection site for SCIT, or oral itching or stomach upset for SLIT. In rare cases, patients may experience severe allergic reactions, known as anaphylaxis.

Future Directions

Research is ongoing to improve the safety and effectiveness of allergy immunotherapy. New methods of administration, such as intralymphatic and epicutaneous immunotherapy, are currently being explored.