Buttress

Vicolo di Formia

Anglebuttress

Claspingbuttress

Diagonalbuttress

Setbackbuttress

Buttress is an architectural structure built against or projecting from a wall which serves to support or reinforce the wall. Buttresses are fairly common on more ancient buildings, especially in Gothic architecture, where they are used to transmit the lateral forces pushing a wall outwards (which are caused by the vaulted ceilings pushing down) to the ground. Buttresses can be seen not only in the realm of architecture but also in natural settings, where they provide support to landforms and trees.

Types of Buttresses

There are several types of buttresses, each designed to provide support in different ways:

• Flying Buttress: A specific form of buttress often associated with Gothic cathedrals, the flying buttress is designed to transfer the thrust of the roof vaults to a tall, heavy pier standing away from the main structure. This allows for higher and lighter walls and the extensive use of stained glass to create a more luminous interior.
• Angle Buttress: This type of buttress is placed at the corners of a building, providing strength and support to two intersecting walls.
• Setback Buttress: These are stepped or set back from the face of the wall, increasing in size and projection as they descend. They are often used in massive structures like dams.
• Counterfort Buttress: Similar to flying buttresses but used in engineering, especially in retaining walls to provide additional strength against lateral forces.

History and Development

The use of buttresses dates back to ancient civilizations, where they were primarily used in fortifications and retaining walls. However, their development reached a peak during the Gothic period, particularly in the construction of cathedrals across Europe. The introduction of the flying buttress in the early 12th century allowed for the creation of buildings that were not only structurally sound but also filled with light and space. This architectural innovation was crucial in the development of Gothic architecture and is one of its defining features.

Modern Usage

In modern architecture, the use of buttresses has declined with the advent of new building technologies and materials such as reinforced concrete and steel. However, they are still used in some structures for both aesthetic and functional purposes. In addition to their traditional role in architecture, buttress-like structures are also used in engineering, particularly in the construction of dams and retaining walls where they help to resist the lateral forces of the earth.

Natural Buttresses

In nature, buttress roots are common among certain species of trees, especially in tropical rainforests. These roots spread out from the base of the tree trunk, providing stability and support in the soft, often waterlogged soil. This natural form of buttress can be seen as an adaptation to the tree's environment, allowing it to grow taller and reach more light.

See Also

• Architecture
• Gothic Architecture
• Structural Engineering