Essential genes

Essential genes are genes that are critical for the survival of an organism. These genes encode for proteins and RNA molecules that carry out vital cellular functions. In the absence of these genes, the organism cannot survive or reproduce. Essential genes are found in all living organisms, from bacteria to humans.

Definition

The term "essential gene" refers to a gene that is necessary for the survival of an organism. If an essential gene is deleted or mutated, the organism will die or be unable to reproduce. This is in contrast to non-essential genes, which can be deleted or mutated without causing death or sterility.

Identification

Essential genes can be identified through genetic screening methods such as gene knockout experiments. In these experiments, a gene is deliberately deactivated to see if the organism can survive without it. If the organism dies or is unable to reproduce, the gene is considered essential.

Role in Disease

Mutations in essential genes can lead to disease. For example, mutations in the essential gene TP53 are associated with many types of cancer. Because essential genes are vital for survival, they are often the target of drug therapies. For example, antibiotics often target essential genes in bacteria.

Role in Evolution

Essential genes are thought to play a key role in evolution. Because they are vital for survival, they are highly conserved, meaning they change very little over time. This makes them useful for studying evolutionary relationships between different species.

See Also

• Gene
• Genetic screening
• Gene knockout
• Mutation
• Evolution