Feline panleukopenia

Feline Panleukopenia (FPV), also known as feline infectious enteritis, feline parvo, and cat plague, is a highly contagious and deadly disease in the Felidae family, particularly affecting cats. It is caused by the feline parvovirus, a close relative of both the canine parvovirus and the mink enteritis virus. The disease is characterized by severe depletion of white blood cells, gastrointestinal tract damage, and in severe cases, myocarditis.

Etiology

Feline panleukopenia is caused by the feline parvovirus (FPV), a virus that attacks rapidly dividing blood cells in the body, particularly those in the bone marrow, lymph nodes, intestines, and in fetal tissues in pregnant queens. The virus is extremely resilient and can survive in the environment for up to a year under the right conditions.

Transmission

The virus is highly contagious and can be transmitted by direct contact with an infected animal, or indirectly through contact with viral particles in the environment. Objects such as food bowls, clothing, and human hands can harbor the virus and facilitate its spread. Kittens born to infected mothers may contract the virus transplacentally, leading to severe disease or fetal death.

Symptoms

Symptoms of feline panleukopenia include high fever, lethargy, loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, and dehydration. The rapid depletion of white blood cells compromises the immune system, making affected cats susceptible to secondary infections.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is based on clinical signs, history of exposure, and laboratory tests. A complete blood count (CBC) typically shows a marked decrease in white blood cell count. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing can detect viral DNA in blood, feces, or tissue samples.

Treatment

There is no specific antiviral treatment for feline panleukopenia. Treatment focuses on supportive care, including fluid therapy to combat dehydration, antiemetics for vomiting, and antibiotics to prevent secondary bacterial infections. Hospitalization and intensive care may be necessary for severely affected animals.

Prevention

Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent feline panleukopenia. Kittens should receive their first vaccine between 6 to 8 weeks of age, followed by booster shots as recommended by a veterinarian. Good hygiene and sanitation practices are also important in controlling the spread of the virus.

Prognosis

The prognosis for cats with feline panleukopenia varies. With prompt and aggressive treatment, many cats can recover. However, the disease is often fatal in kittens and in cats with weakened immune systems.

‎