Fibroblast growth factors

Fibroblast Growth Factors

Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs) are a family of growth factors involved in angiogenesis, wound healing, embryonic development, and various endocrine signaling pathways. FGFs are key players in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival.

History

The discovery of FGFs dates back to the 1970s when they were first identified as factors that promote the proliferation of fibroblasts. Since then, the FGF family has expanded to include 22 members in humans, each with distinct functions and roles in various biological processes.

Structure

FGFs are polypeptides that typically consist of 150-300 amino acids. They share a conserved core region of about 120 amino acids, which is responsible for their biological activity. The structure of FGFs allows them to bind to heparan sulfate proteoglycans and fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs), which are crucial for their function.

Function

FGFs play diverse roles in the body, including:

• **Developmental Processes**: FGFs are critical in embryonic development, influencing limb and organ formation.
• **Angiogenesis**: They promote the formation of new blood vessels, which is essential for wound healing and tissue repair.
• **Metabolism**: Certain FGFs, such as FGF21, are involved in metabolic regulation and have been studied for their potential in treating metabolic disorders.
• **Neurogenesis**: FGFs support the growth and differentiation of neurons, playing a role in brain development and repair.

Receptors

FGFs exert their effects by binding to specific fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs), which are tyrosine kinase receptors. There are four main FGFRs (FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, and FGFR4), each with multiple isoforms generated through alternative splicing. The binding of FGFs to FGFRs triggers a cascade of downstream signaling pathways, including the MAPK, PI3K/AKT, and PLCγ pathways.

Clinical Significance

FGFs have been implicated in various diseases, including cancer, where they can promote tumor growth and angiogenesis. They are also involved in skeletal disorders, such as achondroplasia, which is caused by mutations in FGFR3. Therapeutic targeting of FGFs and FGFRs is an area of active research, with potential applications in cancer treatment and regenerative medicine.

Research and Applications

FGFs are being explored for their potential in regenerative medicine, particularly in the context of tissue engineering and repair. Their ability to stimulate cell growth and differentiation makes them attractive candidates for developing treatments for conditions such as chronic wounds and bone fractures.

See Also

• Growth factor
• Angiogenesis
• Signal transduction