Fruticose lichens

Fruticose lichens are a form of lichen that have a shrubby or bushy growth form. They are one of the three main growth forms of lichens, along with crustose and foliose lichens. Fruticose lichens are characterized by their three-dimensional, branching structure, which distinguishes them from the more flat growth forms of crustose and foliose lichens.

Characteristics

Fruticose lichens have a unique structure that sets them apart from other lichens. They have a three-dimensional, branching form that can be either erect or hanging. The branches of fruticose lichens can be hollow or solid, and they can be either round or flattened. The surface of the lichen, known as the cortex, is typically tough and durable, and it can be smooth, wrinkled, or covered in small projections known as isidia or soredia.

Habitat and Distribution

Fruticose lichens can be found in a variety of habitats, from the arctic tundra to the desert. They are particularly common in boreal forests and montane ecosystems, where they can be a major component of the vegetation. Fruticose lichens are also often found growing on the bark of trees, on rocks, and on the ground. They are distributed globally, and can be found on every continent.

Ecology

Fruticose lichens play important roles in their ecosystems. They are primary producers, converting sunlight into energy through photosynthesis. They also contribute to soil formation by breaking down rocks and adding organic matter to the soil. Fruticose lichens provide habitat and food for a variety of organisms, including insects, birds, and mammals. Some species of fruticose lichens are also used by humans, for example in the production of dyes and perfumes.

Species

There are many species of fruticose lichens, belonging to several different families. Some well-known examples include the reindeer lichen (Cladonia rangiferina), which is an important food source for reindeer in the arctic, and the wolf lichen (Letharia vulpina), which has been used as a poison for wolves and foxes.

See Also

• Lichenology
• Lichenometry
• Lichenicolous fungi