Hydrogen peroxide–urea

Hydrogen Peroxide–Urea

Hydrogen peroxide–urea complex structure

Hydrogen peroxide–urea, also known as urea hydrogen peroxide (UHP) or carbamide peroxide, is a solid compound that serves as a convenient and stable source of hydrogen peroxide. It is a white crystalline solid that releases hydrogen peroxide when dissolved in water. This compound is used in various applications, including as a disinfectant, bleaching agent, and in certain chemical reactions.

Chemical Structure and Properties

Hydrogen peroxide–urea is a clathrate, meaning that the hydrogen peroxide is trapped within the crystal lattice of the urea. The chemical formula is (CH₄N₂O)₂·H₂O₂, indicating that each molecule of hydrogen peroxide is associated with two molecules of urea. This association stabilizes the hydrogen peroxide, making it safer to handle than the liquid form.

The compound is stable at room temperature and decomposes slowly to release hydrogen peroxide. It is soluble in water, where it dissociates to release hydrogen peroxide and urea.

Synthesis

Hydrogen peroxide–urea is synthesized by mixing concentrated solutions of hydrogen peroxide and urea, followed by crystallization. The process involves the careful control of temperature and concentration to ensure the formation of the desired clathrate structure.

Applications

Disinfectant and Bleaching Agent

Hydrogen peroxide–urea is used as a disinfectant and bleaching agent in various industries. It is commonly used in dentistry for tooth whitening and as an antiseptic in oral hygiene products. The compound releases hydrogen peroxide, which acts as an oxidizing agent to kill bacteria and bleach stains.

Chemical Reactions

Overview of reactions involving carbamide peroxide

Hydrogen peroxide–urea is used as an oxidizing agent in organic synthesis. It is particularly useful in reactions where a controlled release of hydrogen peroxide is beneficial.

Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation

Baeyer-Villiger oxidation with cyclobutanones

In the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation, hydrogen peroxide–urea is used to convert ketones into esters or lactones. This reaction is valuable in the synthesis of various organic compounds, including pharmaceuticals and fragrances.

Epoxidation

Epoxidation with UHP

Hydrogen peroxide–urea is also used in the epoxidation of alkenes, where it adds an oxygen atom to form an epoxide. This reaction is important in the production of epoxy resins and other industrial chemicals.

Oxidation of Phenols

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Oxidation of methoxyphenols with UHP

The compound is used to oxidize phenols to quinones, which are important intermediates in the synthesis of dyes and other organic compounds.

Safety and Handling

While hydrogen peroxide–urea is more stable than liquid hydrogen peroxide, it should still be handled with care. It is an oxidizing agent and can cause irritation to the skin and eyes. Proper protective equipment, such as gloves and goggles, should be used when handling the compound.

Related Pages

• Hydrogen peroxide
• Urea
• Oxidizing agent
• Baeyer-Villiger oxidation
• Epoxidation