Nasal administration

Nasal administration is a route of administration in which drugs are insinuated into the nose and primarily absorbed through the nasal mucosa. It is a viable alternative to oral (enteral) administration, especially when rapid absorption is desired or when drugs are not well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.

Overview

Nasal administration can be used for topical treatment of nasal congestion and allergic rhinitis, systemic treatment of pain, breakthrough cancer pain, acute treatment of cluster headache, and even for local anesthesia of teeth. Nasal administration has also been identified as a promising alternative for needle-free vaccination.

Advantages

The main advantages of nasal administration are rapid absorption, avoidance of first-pass metabolism, non-invasiveness, and high patient compliance. The nasal mucosa is highly vascular, which allows for faster absorption of drugs into the bloodstream. Because the drug is absorbed directly into the systemic circulation, it bypasses the gastrointestinal tract and therefore, first-pass metabolism in the liver.

Disadvantages

The main disadvantages of nasal administration are related to the limited volume that can be administered and potential irritation of the nasal mucosa. Other potential issues include the risk of infection, variability in absorption due to factors such as nasal congestion, and damage to the nasal mucosa.

See also

• Drug administration
• Oral administration
• Intravenous administration
• Subcutaneous administration
• Intramuscular administration

References

• 
  Instilling nasal medication
• Cocaine nose
  Cocaine nose
• 
  Cocaine lines
• Nasal administration
  Nasal administration