Mannerism

Parmigianino - Madonna dal collo lungo - Google Art Project

Laocoön and his sons group

Dividing water from Heaven

La batalla de Cascina - Sangallo

Peter Paul Ruben's copy of the lost Battle of Anghiari

Jacopo Pontormo 004

Mannerism is an artistic style that emerged in the late Renaissance period, around the early 16th century, following the High Renaissance and lasting until the arrival of the Baroque era in the late 16th century. It originated in Italy and spread throughout Europe. Mannerism is characterized by its sophisticated elegance, complex compositions, and the elongation of figures. It represents a departure from the balanced harmony and realism of Renaissance art, favoring instead exaggerated poses, artificiality, and a sense of tension and instability.

Origins and Development

Mannerism emerged in a period of significant social, political, and religious turmoil in Europe. The sack of Rome in 1527, the Reformation, and the Counter-Reformation all contributed to a sense of crisis and uncertainty that influenced the arts. Artists began to explore themes of the human condition, emotion, and spirituality with a new intensity and complexity. The term "Mannerism" derives from the Italian word maniera, meaning "style" or "manner", and was initially used pejoratively to suggest an overemphasis on style at the expense of substance.

The movement is often considered to have been initiated by the works of Michelangelo, particularly his later works, which departed from classical ideals to explore more complex, twisted postures and themes of tension and struggle. Other early Mannerist artists include Jacopo Pontormo, Rosso Fiorentino, and Parmigianino, whose works are characterized by their emotional intensity, distorted figures, and unusual perspectives.

Characteristics

Mannerist art is notable for its artificiality and departure from the naturalism of the High Renaissance. Key characteristics include: - **Elongated Figures**: Bodies are often stretched beyond natural proportions, creating a sense of elegance but also distortion. - **Complex Compositions**: Mannerist paintings and sculptures frequently feature crowded scenes with complex, twisted poses and little empty space. - **Unusual Perspectives**: Artists employed unconventional viewpoints and spatial compositions to create a sense of disorientation or instability. - **Vivid Colors and Lighting**: Bright, sometimes harsh colors and dramatic contrasts of light and shadow enhance the emotional intensity of Mannerist works. - **Intellectual Sophistication**: Mannerism often incorporates allegory, symbolism, and a deliberate obscurity that appeals to an informed and sophisticated audience.

Influence and Legacy

Mannerism had a significant impact on the development of European art, influencing the Baroque period that followed. Its emphasis on emotion, dynamic compositions, and the dramatic use of light and color can be seen in the works of Baroque artists such as Caravaggio and Bernini. Mannerism also had a lasting influence on the decorative arts and architecture, with Mannerist buildings characterized by their inventive use of classical elements in unexpected ways.

The style experienced a revival of interest in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with modern artists and critics drawing parallels between Mannerism's complexity and the modern experience. Today, Mannerism is recognized as a distinct and important phase in the history of art, representing a bridge between the Renaissance and the Baroque and a profound exploration of the human condition.

See Also

- Renaissance - Baroque - Michelangelo - High Renaissance