Operating systems

Operating Systems

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An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware, software resources, and provides common services for computer programs. Time-sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the system and may also include accounting software for cost allocation of processor time, mass storage, printing, and other resources.

Overview

An operating system acts as an intermediary between users of a computer and the computer hardware. The purpose of an operating system is to provide an environment in which a user can execute programs in a convenient and efficient manner. It is a vital component of the system software in a computer system. Application programs usually require an operating system to function.

History

The development of operating systems started in the 1950s with the emergence of the first computers. Early examples include GM-NAA I/O and IBM's early operating systems. The evolution continued with the introduction of UNIX in the 1970s, which has since led to the development of numerous UNIX-based systems such as Linux and macOS. Microsoft Windows, introduced in 1985, dominates the personal computer market.

Types of Operating Systems

Operating systems generally come in four different types:

• Batch Operating Systems - This type of OS does not interact with the computer directly. There is an operator which takes similar jobs having same requirement and group them into batches. It is the oldest type of operating system.
• Time-sharing Operating Systems - These systems allow multiple users to use the computer simultaneously. The processor time (CPU) is distributed among the processes in such a way that they do not interfere with one another. Examples include UNIX and Multics.
• Distributed Operating Systems - These systems manage a group of distinct computers and make them appear to be a single computer. The development of networked computers that could be linked and communicate with each other gave rise to distributed computing.
• Real-time Operating Systems - These systems are used when there are rigid time requirements on the operation of a processor or the flow of data and real-time systems can be used as a control device in a dedicated application. Examples include systems used in medical devices and space missions.

Functions

The primary functions of an operating system include:

• Management of computer hardware
• Establishment of a user interface
• Execution and handling of software applications
• Error detection and handling
• Resource allocation
• Security and access control
• File management and data handling

Examples

Some well-known operating systems include:

• Microsoft Windows
• macOS
• Linux
• Android
• iOS

See also

• Computer architecture
• Kernel
• Virtual machine
• Device driver