Phenol

Phenol-phenolate equilibrium

Phenol tautomers

Phenol-elpot-3D-vdW

Phenol in water

Hockpart2

Amine to Phenol

Phenol, also known under its chemical name as carbolic acid, is an aromatic organic compound with the molecular formula C6H5OH. It is a white crystalline solid that is volatile. The molecule consists of a phenyl group (−C6H5) bonded to a hydroxyl group (−OH). It is mildly acidic and requires careful handling due to its propensity for causing chemical burns.

Phenol was first extracted from coal tar in the 19th century but is now predominantly produced from petroleum. It is an important industrial commodity as a precursor to many materials and useful compounds. Phenol and its derivatives are essential in the manufacture of polycarbonates, epoxies, Bakelite, nylon, detergents, herbicides, and pharmaceutical drugs.

Production

The predominant production method of phenol is the cumene process, which involves the alkylation of benzene with propylene to form cumene, followed by oxidation to produce phenol and acetone as a co-product. This process accounts for the majority of phenol produced globally.

Uses

Phenol has a wide range of uses, primarily in the production of plastics and related materials. Polycarbonates, made from bisphenol-A (derived from phenol), are used in a variety of applications including CDs, DVDs, and eyeglass lenses. Phenolic resins, obtained by the reaction of phenol with formaldehyde, are used in the production of circuit boards and as adhesives and coatings.

In the medical field, phenol is used as a disinfectant and antiseptic. It was one of the first surgical antiseptics used by Joseph Lister, marking the beginning of antiseptic surgery. Phenol injections have been used as a type of neurosurgery to selectively destroy parts of the nervous system in cases of severe pain.

Health and Safety

Phenol is toxic and can cause severe burns upon contact with the skin. Inhalation of phenol vapor can cause lung edema, and ingestion can lead to systemic poisoning, characterized by convulsions, coma, and potentially death. Safety measures include using phenol in well-ventilated areas, wearing protective clothing, and having eye wash stations and safety showers readily available.

Environmental Impact

Phenol can be found in the environment as a result of industrial discharges or the breakdown of other substances. It is biodegradable under aerobic conditions, but its presence in water can be harmful to aquatic life. Monitoring and controlling industrial emissions of phenol is crucial to minimizing its environmental impact.