Phosphite (ion)

Chemical ion

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Structure of the phosphite ion

The phosphite ion is a polyatomic ion with the empirical formula \( \text{PO}_3^{3-} \). It is one of the oxyanions of phosphorus and is commonly encountered in various chemical compounds, particularly in the form of salts and esters. The phosphite ion is an important species in both inorganic and organic chemistry, with applications ranging from agriculture to materials science.

Structure and Bonding

Resonance structures of the phosphite ion

The phosphite ion consists of a central phosphorus atom surrounded by three oxygen atoms. The ion carries a net charge of -3. The phosphorus atom is in the +3 oxidation state, and the ion can be represented by several resonance structures, which help to delocalize the negative charge over the oxygen atoms. The geometry of the phosphite ion is trigonal pyramidal, similar to that of ammonia, due to the presence of a lone pair of electrons on the phosphorus atom.

Chemical Properties

Phosphite ions are known for their reducing properties. They can act as reducing agents in various chemical reactions, making them useful in synthetic chemistry. The ion is relatively stable in aqueous solutions, but it can undergo oxidation to form phosphate ions \( \text{PO}_4^{3-} \) under certain conditions.

Occurrence and Synthesis

Phosphite ions are not commonly found in nature in their free form but are often encountered in the form of salts, such as sodium phosphite and potassium phosphite. These salts can be synthesized by the reaction of phosphorous acid \( \text{H}_3\text{PO}_3 \) with a base, such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide.

Applications

Phosphite compounds are used in agriculture as fertilizers and fungicides. They provide a source of phosphorus, which is an essential nutrient for plant growth. In addition, phosphites are used in the synthesis of various organic compounds, serving as intermediates in the production of pharmaceuticals and other chemicals.

Related Compounds

Phosphites are related to other phosphorus oxyanions, such as phosphate \( \text{PO}_4^{3-} \) and hypophosphite \( \text{H}_2\text{PO}_2^{-} \). These ions differ in their oxidation states and the number of oxygen atoms bonded to the phosphorus atom.

Related Pages

• Phosphate
• Hypophosphite
• Phosphorous acid

Disodium hydrogen phosphite, a common phosphite salt