Polarizer

Polarizer Through Glass

Brewster-polarizer

wire-grid-polarizer

Nicol prism

Wollaston-prism

Malus law

Polarizer refers to an optical filter that lets light waves of a specific polarization pass through while blocking light waves of other polarizations. It can convert a beam of light of undefined or mixed polarization into a beam with well-defined polarization. Polarizers are used in a wide range of optical applications, including photography, LCD screens, microscopy, and spectroscopy.

Types of Polarizers

Polarizers can be categorized into several types based on their design and functioning principle:

Linear Polarizers

Linear polarizers allow light waves of a specific linear polarization to pass through. They are the most common type of polarizer and are used in various applications, from photographic filters to scientific instruments. The two main types of linear polarizers are absorptive polarizers, which absorb unwanted polarization, and beam-splitting polarizers, which divide the incoming light into two beams of orthogonal polarization.

Circular Polarizers

Circular polarizers, often used in photography, can filter linearly polarized light and convert it into circularly polarized light, or vice versa. They are essentially a combination of a linear polarizer and a quarter-wave plate. Circular polarizers are particularly useful for avoiding unwanted reflections from non-metallic surfaces and enhancing color saturation in outdoor photography.

Wire-grid Polarizers

Wire-grid polarizers consist of fine metal wires arranged on a substrate. They work by blocking the component of the light that vibrates parallel to the wires, thus allowing only the perpendicular component to pass through. These polarizers are especially effective in the infrared and microwave regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Applications

Polarizers have a wide range of applications in both scientific research and everyday technology:

• In photography, polarizers are used to reduce reflections from surfaces, enhance colors, and increase contrast.
• In optical instruments like microscopes and telescopes, polarizers can improve image contrast and detail.
• In LCD screens, polarizers are essential components that control the brightness and visibility of the display.
• In spectroscopy, polarizers can be used to study the polarization properties of light and its interaction with materials.

Polarization by Reflection

Polarization can also occur naturally, such as when light reflects off a surface at a certain angle, known as Brewster's angle. This phenomenon is exploited in polarizing filters to reduce glare and reflections.

Conclusion

Polarizers play a crucial role in the control and manipulation of light in various optical systems. Their ability to filter and modify light polarization makes them indispensable tools in photography, scientific research, and technology.