Protein poisoning

Condition caused by excessive protein intake

Classification
External resources

Protein poisoning, also known as rabbit starvation, is a form of acute malnutrition caused by excessive consumption of lean protein coupled with insufficient intake of fats and carbohydrates. This condition is named after the experience of early explorers and trappers who relied heavily on lean game meat, such as rabbit, which lacks sufficient fat content to meet human dietary needs.

Pathophysiology

The human body requires a balanced intake of macronutrients: proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. Proteins are essential for building and repairing tissues, but they cannot be the sole source of calories. When protein intake is disproportionately high, the liver and kidneys are taxed with the task of deaminating excess amino acids and excreting the resulting urea. This process can lead to urea cycle disorders and increased production of ammonia, which is toxic in high concentrations.

Excessive protein intake without adequate fat and carbohydrate intake can lead to symptoms such as nausea, diarrhea, fatigue, and in severe cases, death. The body requires fats and carbohydrates to provide energy and to facilitate the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins.

Symptoms

Symptoms of protein poisoning include:

• Nausea
• Diarrhea
• Fatigue
• Headache
• Low blood pressure
• Weakness
• Irritability

In severe cases, protein poisoning can lead to ketoacidosis, a condition where the body produces excess ketones, leading to an acidic environment in the blood.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of protein poisoning is primarily clinical, based on dietary history and presenting symptoms. Laboratory tests may show elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels, indicating stress on the kidneys. Blood tests may also reveal electrolyte imbalances and signs of metabolic acidosis.

Treatment

The primary treatment for protein poisoning is dietary modification. Patients are advised to reduce protein intake and increase consumption of fats and carbohydrates to restore nutritional balance. Hydration is also important to support kidney function and facilitate the excretion of excess nitrogenous waste.

Prevention

To prevent protein poisoning, it is important to maintain a balanced diet that includes adequate amounts of fats and carbohydrates along with protein. Individuals who rely on high-protein diets, such as athletes or those on ketogenic diets, should ensure they are consuming sufficient fats and monitoring their overall nutritional intake.

Historical Context

Protein poisoning was first documented among Arctic explorers and indigenous peoples who consumed large quantities of lean meat during times when other food sources were scarce. The term "rabbit starvation" comes from the experience of consuming rabbit meat, which is very lean and lacks sufficient fat content.

Also see

• Malnutrition
• Ketosis
• Urea cycle disorder
• Dietary fat
• Carbohydrate metabolism