Simian foamy virus

Simian foamy virus (SFV) is a species of the genus Spumavirus, which is part of the family of Retroviridae. SFV is a retrovirus that is endemic in non-human primates (NHPs), including monkeys and apes. The virus is named for the characteristic 'foamy' appearance of infected cells in culture.

History

SFV was first identified in the 1950s during studies of rhesus macaque kidney cell cultures. The virus was observed to cause a 'foamy' appearance in the infected cells, leading to its name. Since its discovery, SFV has been found in a wide range of non-human primate species across the world.

Transmission

SFV is primarily transmitted through biting, as the virus is present in the saliva of infected animals. Other routes of transmission include exposure to blood or other body fluids, and from mother to offspring during birth or breastfeeding. There is also evidence of zoonotic transmission of SFV from non-human primates to humans, particularly in individuals who have occupational or recreational exposure to non-human primates.

Clinical Manifestations

In non-human primates, SFV infection is typically asymptomatic. However, the impact of SFV infection in humans is not fully understood. Some studies have suggested that SFV infection may be associated with an increased risk of neurological disease, but this remains controversial.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of SFV infection is typically based on the detection of antibodies to the virus in the blood. Molecular techniques, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), can also be used to detect the presence of the virus.

Prevention and Control

Prevention of SFV infection primarily involves avoiding exposure to non-human primates, particularly in regions where these animals are endemic. In settings where contact with non-human primates is unavoidable, such as in research or zoo settings, strict infection control measures should be implemented.

Research

Research into SFV is ongoing, with a focus on understanding the virus's biology, its potential impact on human health, and the development of potential treatments or vaccines.