Stereotype

18th century ethnography

Villainc

Cops in a Donut Shop 2011 Shankbone

Mixed stereotype content model (Fiske et al.)

Antisemitic caricature 1873

Bettie Page driving

Stereotype refers to a fixed, over generalized belief about a particular group or class of people. By stereotyping, we assume that a person or group has certain characteristics. Quite often, these assumptions are made about groups based on their ethnicity, gender, nationality, social status, and so on.

Definition and Origins

The term stereotype derives from the printing press and refers to a process that involved making a solid plate or mold for printing. The metaphor was first applied to the social and psychological concept of forming a fixed, general image of a group in the early 20th century. Stereotypes are a form of social categorization that affect the behavior of those who hold them, as well as those who are subjected to them. This concept is central to the study of social psychology, particularly in the areas of prejudice, discrimination, and intergroup relations.

Characteristics

Stereotypes are characterized by their simplicity, inaccuracy, and resistance to change. They can be positive or negative. However, even positive stereotypes can have harmful effects, such as creating unrealistic expectations and pressures. Stereotypes are maintained and transmitted through various means, including media, language, and social interaction.

Functions

Stereotypes serve several functions for individuals and societies. They can simplify complex social realities, providing a shortcut to understanding the behaviors of others. Stereotypes also support the formation of group identity and solidarity. However, they can also lead to prejudice and discrimination when the assumptions they involve are used to justify unequal treatment or social injustice.

Impact

The impact of stereotypes is profound. They can influence how individuals perceive themselves and others, affect interpersonal and intergroup relations, and contribute to the perpetuation of social inequalities. Stereotypes can also affect the psychological well-being of those who are stereotyped, leading to phenomena such as stereotype threat, where individuals perform in accordance with negative stereotypes about their group.

Combating Stereotypes

Efforts to combat stereotypes involve education, increased intergroup contact, and promoting critical thinking to challenge and change stereotypical beliefs. It is also important to encourage diverse representations in media and public life to counteract the simplistic and often negative portrayals of certain groups.