Tumor suppressor

Tumor Suppressor Genes

Tumor suppressor genes are a class of genes that are pivotal in the regulation of cell growth and division. When functioning properly, they can prevent the uncontrolled growth of cells that may result in tumor formation.

Introduction to Tumor Suppressors

Tumor suppressor genes encode for proteins that are involved in critical cellular processes such as DNA repair, control of cell cycle, cell apoptosis (programmed cell death), and maintenance of genomic stability. Their role is often likened to that of a 'brake pedal' in a car, inhibiting cell division and preventing the proliferation of potentially cancerous cells.

DNA repair and tumor suppressor pathway.

Function of Tumor Suppressors

Regulation of Cell Cycle

Tumor suppressors like p53 and Rb are crucial in halting the cell cycle to repair damaged DNA, and initiating apoptosis if the damage is irreparable.

DNA Repair

Proteins such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, associated with breast cancer susceptibility, are involved in the repair of double-strand breaks in DNA.

Cell Adhesion

Some tumor suppressors play a role in cell adhesion, which when compromised, can lead to metastatic potential of cancer cells.

Identification of Tumor Suppressors

The identification of a gene or variant as a tumor suppressor involves extensive research including genetic studies, functional assays, and observation of its behavior in cancerous cells compared to normal cells.

Loss of Tumor Suppression

Mutations or deletions in tumor suppressor genes can lead to a loss of function, thereby removing the 'brakes' on cell proliferation and allowing for the development of cancer. Such genetic changes can be inherited or acquired over an individual’s lifetime.

Mutation in tumor suppressor gene leading to cancer.

Examples of Tumor Suppressor Genes

• TP53: Also known as p53, it is one of the most common tumor suppressors involved in a variety of cancers.
• RB1: The retinoblastoma protein, involved in retinoblastoma and other cancers.
• APC: Adenomatous polyposis coli, which is implicated in colorectal cancer.

Clinical Relevance

Understanding tumor suppressor genes is crucial in cancer prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. Genetic testing for mutations in these genes can guide preventive measures and treatment decisions.

Research and Future Directions

Ongoing research into tumor suppressor genes continues to uncover new targets for cancer therapy and is a hotbed for developing gene therapies and precision medicine approaches.

See Also

• Oncogene
• Cancer genetics
• Genetic predisposition
• Molecular biology
• Biotechnology

External Links

• National Cancer Institute - Tumor Suppressors
• NCBI Bookshelf - The Molecular Basis of Cancer

Tumor suppressor Resources
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