Two-Spirit

Two-Spirit is a modern, pan-Indian, umbrella term used by some Indigenous peoples of North America to describe Native American people in their communities who fulfill a traditional third-gender (or other gender-variant) ceremonial role in their cultures. The term was adopted in 1990 at an Indigenous lesbian and gay international gathering to encourage the replacement of the outdated and derogatory term "berdache."

History and Development

The concept of Two-Spirit is not universally accepted among all Indigenous peoples, as its application and understanding can vary widely among different tribes and communities. Historically, many tribes recognized the existence of more than two genders before European contact, and these roles were respected and integral within tribal cultures. Two-Spirit roles included a mix of both male and female characteristics and could vary greatly between different tribes.

In many tribes, Two-Spirit individuals held specific roles such as healers, matchmakers, and warriors. They were often attributed with possessing special spiritual gifts, including the ability to mediate between the material and spiritual worlds.

Cultural Significance

The roles and acceptance of Two-Spirit people varied significantly among tribes. In some tribes, they were considered to be among the most spiritually powerful members of the community. For example, in the Zuni tribe, a Two-Spirit individual known as We'wha (1849–1896) served as an ambassador of the Zuni to Washington, D.C., and was highly respected as a cultural ambassador.

Contemporary Issues

Today, Two-Spirit people are reviving and reclaiming their roles in many Indigenous communities. However, they often face challenges such as discrimination and misunderstanding both within and outside their communities. The Two-Spirit movement seeks to restore the honor and respect historically accorded to these individuals, promoting a return to the traditional ways of recognizing and valuing diverse identities.

See Also

• Gender identity
• LGBT rights by country or territory
• Third gender
• Indigenous peoples of the Americas