Vaginal microbiota

Vaginal microbiota refers to the community of microorganisms that reside in the vagina. This ecosystem plays a crucial role in maintaining the health and well-being of the female reproductive system. The composition of the vaginal microbiota varies among individuals and can be influenced by a range of factors including age, hormonal levels, sexual activity, and the use of antibiotics or other medications.

Composition

The vaginal microbiota is predominantly composed of various species of Lactobacillus. These bacteria are beneficial as they produce lactic acid, which helps maintain a low pH environment in the vagina. This acidic environment is protective, as it inhibits the growth of harmful pathogens. Other genera of bacteria, such as Gardnerella, Atopobium, Mobiluncus, and Mycoplasma, can also be present in smaller quantities.

Function

The primary function of the vaginal microbiota is to protect against infections and maintain vaginal health. The acidic environment created by lactobacilli helps prevent the colonization of harmful pathogens. Additionally, the vaginal microbiota can influence the local immune response, further protecting against infections.

Dysbiosis

Dysbiosis of the vaginal microbiota occurs when there is an imbalance in the microbial community, leading to a decrease in lactobacilli and an increase in other potentially harmful bacteria. This can result in conditions such as bacterial vaginosis (BV), which is characterized by symptoms like vaginal discharge, odor, and discomfort. Dysbiosis can also increase the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and has been associated with adverse outcomes in pregnancy, such as preterm birth.

Factors Influencing the Vaginal Microbiota

Several factors can influence the composition of the vaginal microbiota, including:

- Hormonal Changes: Fluctuations in hormones, especially estrogen, can affect the abundance and types of bacteria present. - Antibiotic Use: Antibiotics can disrupt the balance of the vaginal microbiota by killing beneficial lactobacilli. - Sexual Activity: Sexual intercourse can introduce new bacteria into the vaginal environment, potentially altering its microbial composition. - Menstrual Cycle: The composition of the vaginal microbiota can change throughout the menstrual cycle, influenced by hormonal changes.

Restoration and Maintenance

Probiotics, particularly those containing lactobacilli, are often recommended to help restore and maintain a healthy vaginal microbiota. Practices such as avoiding unnecessary antibiotic use and maintaining good hygiene can also support the health of the vaginal microbiota.