Allosteric enzyme

Allosteric enzyme is a type of enzyme that changes its conformational ensemble upon binding of an effector, resulting in an apparent change in binding affinity at a different ligand binding site. This modification can either enhance or inhibit the enzyme's activity, providing a means to regulate its function.

Overview

Allosteric enzymes are a key component in biochemical pathways, playing a crucial role in metabolism and cellular regulation. They are characterized by their ability to bind to specific molecules, known as effectors or allosteric modulators, at a site other than their active site. This binding induces a conformational change in the enzyme, altering its activity.

Mechanism

The mechanism of allosteric regulation is based on the induced fit model of enzyme-substrate interaction. When an allosteric modulator binds to the enzyme, it induces a change in the enzyme's shape. This change can either increase or decrease the enzyme's affinity for its substrate, thereby modulating its activity.

Types of Allosteric Regulation

There are two main types of allosteric regulation: positive and negative. Positive allosteric regulation occurs when the binding of the modulator increases the enzyme's activity, while negative allosteric regulation occurs when the binding decreases the enzyme's activity.

Examples

One of the most well-known examples of an allosteric enzyme is hemoglobin, a protein that transports oxygen in the blood. Hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen is increased when an oxygen molecule binds to one of its subunits, a phenomenon known as cooperative binding.

Another example is the enzyme phosphofructokinase, which plays a key role in the regulation of glycolysis. This enzyme is inhibited by high levels of ATP, an example of negative allosteric regulation.

See Also

• Enzyme kinetics
• Enzyme inhibitor
• Cooperativity