1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic

1793 Philadelphia Yellow Fever Epidemic

The 1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic was a devastating outbreak of yellow fever that struck Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in the summer and fall of 1793. It was one of the most severe epidemics in the history of the United States, resulting in the deaths of approximately 5,000 people, which was about 10% of the city's population at the time.

Background

In the late 18th century, Philadelphia was the largest city in the United States and served as the temporary capital. The city was a bustling port and a hub of commerce and politics. However, its location along the Delaware River and its dense population made it susceptible to outbreaks of infectious diseases.

Outbreak

The epidemic began in August 1793, when residents of the city started experiencing symptoms such as fever, chills, and jaundice. The disease spread rapidly, and panic ensued as people fled the city in large numbers. The cause of the outbreak was later attributed to Aedes aegypti, a species of mosquito that thrives in warm, humid environments.

Response

The response to the epidemic was hampered by a lack of understanding of the disease's transmission. Many believed it was spread through "miasma" or bad air. Benjamin Rush, a prominent physician in Philadelphia, advocated for bloodletting and purging as treatments, which were controversial and of questionable efficacy.

The Bush Hill estate, owned by Andrew Hamilton, was converted into a makeshift hospital to care for the sick. Volunteers, including members of the Free African Society, played a crucial role in caring for the afflicted and maintaining order in the city.

Impact

The epidemic had a profound impact on Philadelphia and the nation. It highlighted the need for better public health measures and led to the establishment of the first board of health in the United States. The epidemic also influenced the relocation of the federal government from Philadelphia to Washington, D.C..

Aftermath

By November 1793, the epidemic had subsided as cooler weather reduced the mosquito population. The city slowly recovered, but the memory of the epidemic lingered, influencing public health policy and urban planning in the years to come.

Related pages

• Yellow fever
• Aedes aegypti
• Benjamin Rush
• Free African Society

Gallery

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  Arch Street Ferry

• Bush Hill, Andrew Hamilton's estate

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  President's House in Philadelphia

1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic

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  Arch Street Ferry

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  Andrew Hamilton's Bush Hill

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  President's House in Philadelphia