9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid

9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (9-HODE) is a fatty acid metabolite that is produced in the body from the oxidation of linoleic acid. It is a member of the hydroxy fatty acids family and is known to have various biological activities, including roles in inflammation, cell proliferation, and apoptosis.

Structure and Synthesis

9-HODE is a polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) that contains 18 carbon atoms, two double bonds, and a hydroxyl group at the 9th carbon atom. It is synthesized in the body through the action of lipoxygenase enzymes on linoleic acid. The primary enzyme involved in this process is 15-lipoxygenase, which first oxygenates linoleic acid to form a hydroperoxy intermediate, which is then reduced to 9-HODE.

Biological Activities

9-HODE has been implicated in a variety of biological processes. It is known to act as a ligand for several receptor proteins, including the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and the G protein-coupled receptor 132 (GPR132). Activation of these receptors by 9-HODE can lead to changes in gene expression and cellular function.

In the context of inflammation, 9-HODE has been shown to promote the recruitment and activation of leukocytes, contributing to the inflammatory response. It is also involved in the regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis, with potential implications for diseases such as cancer.

Clinical Significance

Elevated levels of 9-HODE have been detected in several disease states, including atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and certain types of cancer. It is thought that the pro-inflammatory and pro-proliferative activities of 9-HODE may contribute to the pathogenesis of these diseases. As such, 9-HODE is being investigated as a potential biomarker for disease diagnosis and prognosis, as well as a target for therapeutic intervention.

See Also

• Linoleic acid
• Hydroxy fatty acids
• Lipoxygenase
• Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
• G protein-coupled receptor