ABO
- ABO Blood Group System
The **ABO blood group system** is one of the most important blood type classification systems in human blood transfusion. It was discovered by the Austrian immunologist Karl Landsteiner in 1901, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1930. The ABO system is based on the presence or absence of two antigens, A and B, on the surface of red blood cells.
Blood Types[edit | edit source]
The ABO blood group system consists of four main blood types:
- **Type A**: This blood type has the A antigen on the surface of red blood cells and anti-B antibodies in the plasma.
- **Type B**: This blood type has the B antigen on the surface of red blood cells and anti-A antibodies in the plasma.
- **Type AB**: This blood type has both A and B antigens on the surface of red blood cells and no anti-A or anti-B antibodies in the plasma. It is known as the universal recipient.
- **Type O**: This blood type has no A or B antigens on the surface of red blood cells but has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma. It is known as the universal donor.
Genetics of the ABO System[edit | edit source]
The ABO blood group is determined by the ABO gene, which is located on chromosome 9. The gene has three main alleles: A, B, and O. The A and B alleles are codominant, meaning that if both are present, both will be expressed. The O allele is recessive.
- **Genotype AA or AO**: Results in blood type A.
- **Genotype BB or BO**: Results in blood type B.
- **Genotype AB**: Results in blood type AB.
- **Genotype OO**: Results in blood type O.
Clinical Significance[edit | edit source]
The ABO blood group system is crucial in blood transfusion and organ transplantation. Incompatible blood transfusions can lead to serious and potentially fatal reactions. For example, if a person with type A blood receives type B blood, their anti-B antibodies will attack the transfused red blood cells, leading to hemolysis.
History[edit | edit source]
The discovery of the ABO blood group system revolutionized the field of transfusion medicine. Before its discovery, blood transfusions were often unsuccessful and dangerous. Landsteiner's work laid the foundation for safe blood transfusion practices.
Also see[edit | edit source]
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