ALOX12B

Arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase, 12R type, also known as ALOX12B, 12R-LOX, and arachiconate lipoygenase 3, is a lipoxygenase-type enzyme composed of 701 amino acids and encoded by the ALOX12B gene. The gene is located on chromosome 17 at position 13.1 where it forms a cluster with two other lipoxygenases, ALOXE3 and ALOX15B. Among the human lipoxygenases, ALOX12B is most closely (54% identity) related in amino acid sequence to ALOXE3

Activity

ALOX12B oxygenates arachidonic acid by adding molecular oxygen (O₂) in the form of a hydroperoxyl (HO₂) residue to its 12th carbon thereby forming 12(R)-hydroperoxy-5Z,8Z,10E,14Z-icosatetraenoic acid (also termed 12(R)-HpETE or 12R-HpETE). When formed in cells, 12R-HpETE may be quickly reduced to its hydroxyl analog (OH), 12(R)-hydroxy-5'Z,8Z,10E,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid (also termed 12(R)-HETE or 12R-HETE), by ubiquitous peroxidase-type enzymes. These sequential metabolic reactions are:

arachidonic acid + O₂ 12R-HpETE → 12R-HETE

12R-HETE stimulates animal and human neutrophil chemotaxis and other responses in vitro and is able to elicit inflammatory responses when injected into the skin of an animal model However, the production of 12R-HETE for this or other purposes may not be primary function of ALOX12B.

ALOX12B is also capable of metabolizing free linoleic acid to 9(R)-hydroperoxy-10(E),12(Z)-octadecadienoic acid (9R-HpODE) which is also rapidly converted to its hydroxyl derivative, 9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (9R-HODE).

Linoleic acid + O₂ 9R-HpODE → 9R-HODE

The S stereoisomer of 9R-HODE, 9S-HODE, has a range of biological activities related to oxidative stress and pain perception (see 9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid. It is known or likely that 9R-HODE possesses at least some of these activities. For example, 9R-HODE, similar to 9S-HODE, mediates the perception of acute and chronic pain induced by heat, UV light, and inflammation in the skin of rodents (see 9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid#9-HODEs as mediators of pain perception). However, production of these LA metabolites does not appear to be the primary function of ALOX12B; ALOX12B's primary function appears to be to metabolize linoleic acid that is not free but rather esterified to certain ^{(July 2017)}

Proposed principal activity of ALOX12B

ALOX12B targets Linoleic acid (LA). LA is the most abundant fatty acid in the skin epidermis, being present mainly esterified to the omega-hydroxyl residue of amide-linked omega-hydroxylated very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) in a unique class of ceramides termed esterified omega-hydroxyacyl-sphingosine (EOS). EOS is an intermediate component in a proposed multi-step metabolic pathway which delivers VLCFAs to the cornified lipid envelop in the skin's Stratum corneum; the presence of these wax-like, hydrophobic VLCFAs is needed to maintain the skin's integrity and functionality as a water barrier (see Lung microbiome#Role of the epithelial barrier). ALOX12B metabolizes the LA in EOS to its 9-hydroperoxy derivative; ALOXE3 then converts this derivative to three products: a) 9R,10R-trans-epoxide,13R-hydroxy-10E-octadecenoic acid, b) 9-keto-10E,12Z-octadecadienoic acid, and c) 9R,10R-trans-epoxy-13-keto-11E-octadecenoic acid. These ALOX12B-oxidized products signal for the hydrolysis (i.e. removal) of the oxidized products from EOS; this allows the multi-step metabolic pathway to proceed in delivering the VLCFAs to the cornified lipid envelop in the skin's Stratum corneum.

Tissue distribution

ALOX12B protein has been detected in humans that in the same tissues the express ALOXE3 and ALOX15B viz., upper layers of the human skin and tongue and in tonsils. mRNA for it has been detected in additional tissues such as the lung, testis, adrenal gland, ovary, prostate, and skin with lower abundance levels detected in salivary and thyroid glands, pancreas, brain, and plasma blood leukocytes.

Clinical significance

Congenital ichthyosiform erythrodema

Deletions of Alox12b or AloxE2 genes in mice cause a congenital scaly skin disease which is characterized by a greatly reduced skin water barrier function and is similar in other ways to the autosomal recessive nonbullous Congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma (ARCI) disease of humans. Mutations in many of the genes that encode proteins, including ALOX12B and ALOXE3, which conduct the steps that bring and then bind VLCFA to the stratums corneum are associated with ARCI. ARCI refers to nonsyndromic (i.e. not associated with other signs or symptoms) congenital Ichthyosis including Harlequin-type ichthyosis, Lamellar ichthyosis, and Congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma. ARCI has an incidence of about 1/200,000 in European and North American populations; 40 different mutations in ALOX12B and 13 different mutations in ALOXE3 genes account for a total of about 10% of ARCI case; these mutations uniformly cause a total loss of ALOX12B or ALOXE3 function (see mutations).

Proliferative skin diseases

In psoriasis and other proliferative skin diseases such as the Erythrodermas underlying lung cancer, cutaneous T cell lymphoma, and drug reactions, and in Discoid lupus, Seborrheic dermatitis, Subacute Cutaneous lupus erythematosus, and Pemphigus foliaceus, cutaneous levels of ALOX12B mRNA and 12R-HETE are greatly increased. It is not clear if these increases contribute to the disease by, for example, 12R-HETE induction of inflammation, or are primarily a consequence of skin proliferation.

Embryogenesis

The expression of Alox12b and Aloxe3 mRNA in mice parallels, and is proposed to be instrumental for, skin development in mice embryogenesis; the human orthologs of these genes, i.e. ALOX12B and ALOXE3, may have a similar role in humans.

Essential fatty acid deficiency

Severe dietary deficiency of polyunsaturated omega 6 fatty acids leads to the essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome that is characterized by scaly skin and excessive water loss; in humans and animal models the syndrome is fully reversed by dietary omega 6 fatty acids, particularly linoleic acid. It is proposed that this deficiency disease resembles and has a similar basis to Congenital ichthyosiform erythrodema; that is, it is at least in part due to a deficiency of linoleic acid and thereby in the EOS-based delivery of VLCFA to the stratum corneum.

Further reading

,

 Epidermal lipoxygenase products of the hepoxilin pathway selectively activate the nuclear receptor PPARalpha, 
 Lipids, 
  
 Vol. 42(Issue: 6), 
 pp. 491–7, 
 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-007-3054-4, 
 PMID: 17436029,

,

 Novel mutations in ALOX12B in patients with autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis and evidence for genetic heterogeneity on chromosome 17p13, 
 The Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 
  
 Vol. 127(Issue: 4), 
 pp. 829–34, 
 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700640, 
 PMID: 17139268,

,

 Mutations associated with a congenital form of ichthyosis (NCIE) inactivate the epidermal lipoxygenases 12R-LOX and eLOX3, 
 Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 
  
 Vol. 1686(Issue: 3), 
 pp. 238–47, 
 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2004.10.007, 
 PMID: 15629692,

,

 Characterization of epidermal 12(S) and 12(R) lipoxygenases, 
 Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 
 2003, 
 Vol. 507 
 pp. 147–53, 
 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0193-0_23, 
 PMID: 12664578,

,

 Detection and cellular localization of 12R-lipoxygenase in human tonsils, 
 Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 
  
 Vol. 386(Issue: 2), 
 pp. 268–74, 
 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2000.2217, 
 PMID: 11368351,

,

 A gene cluster encoding human epidermis-type lipoxygenases at chromosome 17p13.1: cloning, physical mapping, and expression, 
 Genomics, 
  
 Vol. 73(Issue: 3), 
 pp. 323–30, 
 DOI: 10.1006/geno.2001.6519, 
 PMID: 11350124,

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 Identification of 12-lipoxygenase interaction with cellular proteins by yeast two-hybrid screening, 
 Biochemistry, 
  
 Vol. 39(Issue: 12), 
 pp. 3185–91, 
 DOI: 10.1021/bi992664v, 
 PMID: 10727209,

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 A 12R-lipoxygenase in human skin: mechanistic evidence, molecular cloning, and expression, 
 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 
  
 Vol. 95(Issue: 12), 
 pp. 6744–9, 
 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.12.6744, 
 PMID: 9618483, 
 PMC: 22619,

External links

• Human ALOX12B genome location and ALOX12B gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser.