Adi Shankara

Adi Shankara (also spelled Adi Shankaracharya), was an early 8th-century Indian philosopher and theologian who consolidated the doctrine of Advaita Vedanta, a sub-school of Vedanta within Hindu philosophy. His works in establishing the foundational texts for Advaita Vedanta, include commentaries on the Brahma Sutras, the Principal Upanishads, and the Bhagavad Gita, making him a central figure in the Hindu renaissance.

Life

Adi Shankara was born in Kaladi, present-day Kerala, India, around 788 CE. The details of his life are filled with legends that intertwine with historical facts. According to traditional narratives, Shankara left home at a young age to seek spiritual knowledge. He studied under the guidance of his guru, Govinda Bhagavatpada, and became a renowned scholar and teacher of Advaita Vedanta by his early twenties.

Philosophy

Shankara's philosophy of Advaita Vedanta posits that the ultimate reality (Brahman) is singular and eternal. It suggests that the apparent multiplicity of the world is an illusion (Maya), and the true essence of all beings is the non-dual Brahman. Shankara argued that the individual soul (Atman) is identical to Brahman, and through knowledge (Jnana), one can realize this unity and achieve liberation (Moksha).

Works

Adi Shankara's literary contributions include extensive commentaries on the Vedic scriptures. His major works are:

• Brahma Sutra Bhashya – A commentary on the Brahma Sutra
• Upanishad Bhashyas – Commentaries on ten principal Upanishads
• Bhagavad Gita Bhashya – A commentary on the Bhagavad Gita
• Prakarana Granthas – Introductory texts for students of Advaita Vedanta

Influence and Legacy

Shankara's teachings and works had a profound impact on the development of Hindu thought. He established four Mathas (monastic centers) in the four corners of India to spread the principles of Advaita Vedanta. These are the Dwarka Peetham in the west, Jyotirmath Peetham in the north, Puri Govardhan Peetham in the east, and Sringeri Sharada Peetham in the south.

Shankara's efforts in reviving Hinduism and consolidating the Advaita Vedanta philosophy helped in countering the influence of Buddhism in India during his time. His teachings continue to be influential among Hindus and spiritual seekers worldwide.

Conclusion

Adi Shankara's life and works represent a significant epoch in the history of Indian philosophy. His interpretation of Vedanta and his efforts to unify Hinduism under the banner of Advaita Vedanta have left an indelible mark on the spiritual and philosophical landscape of India.