Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a gram-negative bacteria species that is known for its ability to transfer DNA between itself and plants. This process, known as horizontal gene transfer, is unique among nature and has been exploited by scientists for the creation of genetically modified organisms (GMOs).

Biology

Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a rod-shaped, flagellated bacteria that is found in the soil. It is a member of the Rhizobiaceae family, which includes other plant-associated bacteria. The bacteria is capable of infecting a wide range of plant species, causing a disease known as crown gall.

Mechanism of Infection

The infection process begins when the bacteria detects the presence of plant compounds that are typically found in wounded plant tissue. Upon detection, the bacteria attaches itself to the plant cell and begins the process of horizontal gene transfer. This involves the transfer of a piece of the bacteria's DNA, known as the Ti plasmid, into the plant cell. Once inside the plant cell, the transferred DNA is incorporated into the plant's own genome, causing the cell to produce compounds that benefit the bacteria and lead to the formation of a gall.

Use in Biotechnology

The ability of Agrobacterium tumefaciens to transfer its DNA into plant cells has been harnessed by scientists in the field of biotechnology. By replacing the disease-causing genes in the Ti plasmid with desired genes, scientists can create genetically modified plants that express traits such as resistance to pests or tolerance to harsh environmental conditions.

See Also

• Crown gall
• Genetically modified organism
• Horizontal gene transfer
• Rhizobiaceae