Allee effect

Allee Effect

The Allee effect is a phenomenon in biology that describes the correlation between population size or density and the mean individual fitness within a population. Named after the American ecologist Warder Clyde Allee, the Allee effect can have significant implications for the conservation and management of species.

Overview

The Allee effect is characterized by a decrease in individual fitness at low population density or size. This is contrary to the principles of density-dependent regulation, which predict that individual fitness will increase as population density decreases. The Allee effect can be critical in small, isolated populations where it can increase the risk of extinction.

Types of Allee Effects

There are two main types of Allee effects: component and demographic.

Component Allee effects occur when a decrease in population size or density negatively affects at least one component of individual fitness, such as survival or reproduction.

Demographic Allee effects occur when a decrease in population size or density leads to a decrease in population growth rate. This is often the result of component Allee effects, but can also occur independently.

Causes

The Allee effect can be caused by various factors, including mating limitations, cooperative behaviors, predation, environmental harshness, and genetic factors.

Implications for Conservation

Understanding the Allee effect is crucial for conservation biology. It can help predict the likelihood of extinction in small populations, inform strategies for species reintroduction, and guide the management of invasive species.

See Also

• Population ecology
• Conservation biology
• Extinction vortex
• Minimum viable population