Anal stage

Anal Stage

The anal stage is the second stage in Sigmund Freud's theory of psychosexual development, following the oral stage. This stage occurs from approximately 18 months to three years of age. According to Freud, the anal stage is primarily focused on controlling bladder and bowel movements. The major conflict at this stage is toilet training--the child has to learn to control his or her bodily needs. Developing this control leads to a sense of accomplishment and independence.

According to Freud, there are two possible outcomes from this stage. Children who are successful at this stage, who learn to control their bodily functions, develop a sense of responsibility and are able to balance or delay gratification. However, those who are unsuccessful, due to harsh toilet training, may become anal-retentive or anal-expulsive.

The anal-retentive personality is characterized by a strict adherence to rules and regulations, an obsessive attention to detail, and a need for order and neatness. These individuals may be stubborn, stingy, and resistant to change. On the other hand, the anal-expulsive personality is characterized by a lack of self-control, carelessness, and a need for immediate gratification. These individuals may be disorganized, reckless, and defiant.

Freud's theory of the anal stage has been criticized by many contemporary psychologists. However, it remains an important concept in psychoanalytic theory and has influenced many other theories of personality and development.

See also:

• Oral stage
• Phallic stage
• Latency stage
• Genital stage