Argentinian mammarenavirus

Argentinian mammarenavirus

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Diagram of the Argentinian mammarenavirus structure

The Argentinian mammarenavirus, also known as the Junín virus, is a member of the Arenaviridae family, which is known to cause viral hemorrhagic fevers. This virus is endemic to Argentina and is the causative agent of Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF), a severe and often fatal disease.

Virology

The Argentinian mammarenavirus is an enveloped virus with a bi-segmented, single-stranded RNA genome. The genome consists of two segments, designated as the L (large) and S (small) segments. The L segment encodes the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and a zinc finger protein, while the S segment encodes the nucleoprotein and the glycoprotein precursor. The virus particles are spherical and have a diameter of approximately 110-130 nm.

Transmission

The primary reservoir of the Argentinian mammarenavirus is the Calomys musculinus, a rodent species commonly found in the endemic regions of Argentina. Humans typically become infected through direct contact with infected rodent excreta or through inhalation of aerosolized particles. Human-to-human transmission is rare but can occur through contact with infected bodily fluids.

Clinical Features

Argentine hemorrhagic fever is characterized by a sudden onset of symptoms, including high fever, malaise, and muscle aches. As the disease progresses, patients may develop hemorrhagic manifestations, such as bleeding gums, petechiae, and gastrointestinal bleeding. Neurological symptoms, such as confusion and seizures, may also occur. The case fatality rate can be as high as 30% without treatment.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of Argentinian mammarenavirus infection is primarily based on serological tests and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. Early diagnosis is crucial for effective management and treatment of the disease.

Treatment

The antiviral drug ribavirin has been shown to be effective in reducing mortality if administered early in the course of the disease. Supportive care, including fluid replacement and management of bleeding, is also critical in the treatment of AHF.

Prevention

Preventive measures focus on reducing human contact with the rodent reservoir. This includes rodent control programs and public health education to minimize exposure to rodent excreta. A live-attenuated vaccine, known as the Candid #1 vaccine, has been developed and is used in endemic areas to prevent AHF.

Related pages

• Arenaviridae
• Viral hemorrhagic fever
• Ribavirin
• Calomys musculinus

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