Arikara

An Arrikara warrior 0027v

Arikara lang

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Bear's Belly by Edward Curtis, 1908

Mandan and Arikara delegation - NARA - 523669

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Arikara movements, 1795 to 1862

Arikara (also Sahnish, Arikaree, Ree) is a Caddoan language spoken by the Arikara Native American group who originally lived in the North Dakota region. The Arikara are closely associated with the Mandan and Hidatsa tribes, with whom they share the Fort Berthold Reservation. Historically, the Arikara were known as skilled traders and farmers.

History

The Arikara's history is marked by their establishment of permanent villages along the banks of the Missouri River. These agricultural communities grew crops such as maize, beans, squash, and sunflowers, which played a crucial role in their diet and culture. In the early 19th century, the Arikara engaged in trade with European-American settlers and were pivotal in the Lewis and Clark Expedition as allies and traders.

However, the 19th century brought significant challenges, including conflicts with other tribes and the United States military, as well as devastating smallpox epidemics that drastically reduced their population. These factors, combined with loss of lands due to treaties and the expansion of the United States, led to the Arikara merging with the Mandan and Hidatsa tribes on the Fort Berthold Reservation.

Language

The Arikara language is part of the Caddoan language family. It is considered critically endangered, with only a few fluent speakers remaining. Efforts are underway to revitalize the language, including educational programs and the creation of language resources.

Culture

Arikara culture is rich in ceremonial traditions, particularly the annual corn dance, which celebrates the first corn harvest. Their religious beliefs are deeply connected to agriculture, with ceremonies and rituals designed to ensure bountiful harvests. The Arikara also have a strong tradition of craftsmanship, particularly in pottery and earth lodge construction.

Contemporary Issues

Today, the Arikara, along with the Mandan and Hidatsa, face various contemporary issues, including cultural preservation, economic development, and environmental concerns related to oil extraction and water rights on the Fort Berthold Reservation.

See Also

• Mandan
• Hidatsa
• Caddoan languages
• Fort Berthold Reservation