Asbestos

Asbestos (derived from the Greek ἄσβεστος asbestos, meaning "unquenchable" or "inextinguishable") refers to a group of fibrous minerals, many of which are hydrous magnesium silicates and commonly found in metamorphic rocks. The minerals within this group, along with their occurrences, uses, and associated hazards, have been extensively discussed by Guthrie and Mossman (1993).

The name "asbestos" stems from its historical application in lamp wicks due to its resistance to fire. This property has led to its widespread use in various applications throughout history, ranging from Egyptian burial cloths to Charlemagne's tablecloth, which, according to legend, was cleaned by tossing it into a fire. Asbestos occurs naturally in different forms and is typically mined from metamorphic rocks.

When used for its fire or heat resistance, asbestos fibers are often blended with cement or woven into fabric or mats. Its applications include brake shoes, gaskets, electrical insulation, and building materials due to its flame-retardant, insulating, and tensile properties. However, inhalation of certain asbestos fibers can lead to severe health issues, including cancer. Consequently, many countries have banned numerous asbestos applications.

In modern Greek, άσβεστος means quicklime, which contrasts with the historical usage of the term.

Types of Asbestos and Associated Fibres

Chrysotile asbestos

Chrysotile asbestos (CAS No. 12001-29-5): Derived from serpentine rocks, chrysotile is the most commonly used type of asbestos industrially in the United States. It exhibits less harmful properties upon inhalation compared to other forms, although it is not entirely benign.

Amosite (CAS No. 12172-73-5): Also known as Grunerite, amosite originates from Africa and is associated with brown asbestos.

Crocidolite (CAS No. 12001-28-4): Referred to as blue asbestos, crocidolite is an amphibole from Africa and Australia. It is considered one of the most hazardous types of asbestos.

Additionally, other asbestos minerals such as tremolite asbestos, actinolite asbestos, and anthophyllite asbestos are less commonly used industrially but can still be found in various construction and insulation materials.

Uses

Historic Usage

Asbestos had been highly esteemed, with historical accounts suggesting its value equated to gold. It was used in a range of applications, including napkins for emperors and kings. Although it causes skin irritation, it was prescribed for certain skin conditions. Asbestos was utilized in automobile brake pads and shoes, but since the mid-1990s, Kevlar linings have replaced it.

Modern Usage

Serpentine Group: Chrysotile, being the most commercially used form, finds its way into various materials such as sheetrock taping, vinyl floor tiles, plasters, roofing materials, fireproofing, and automotive components.

Amphibole Group: Amosite and crocidolite were extensively used until the early 1980s, mainly in insulation materials, asbestos-cement products, and thermal insulation.

Asbestos-Related Diseases

Asbestos is pervasive in the environment, present in the air and water sources. Studies have shown that even non-occupationally exposed individuals have substantial amounts of asbestos fibers in their lungs, leading to potential health risks. Asbestos exposure has been linked to various diseases, including cancer, such as mesothelioma, emphasizing the need for strict regulations and preventive measures.

Asbestos Resources
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