Asplenium

Asplenium adiantum-nigrum 141007

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Starr 050423-6681 Asplenium aethiopicum

Asplenium australasicum 001

台灣山蘇花 台灣巢蕨 - 蓬萊溪自然生態園區 Asplenium nidus 20220827222839 01

Asplenium azoricum (Habitus)

Asplenium is a genus of ferns in the family Aspleniaceae, with a worldwide distribution. Asplenium species are characterized by their simple, pinnate, or more complex fronds, and their sori (spore-producing structures) arranged in lines along the veins on the underside of the fronds. These ferns are commonly known as spleenworts, a name that derives from the historic use of some species in traditional medicine for treating spleen diseases. The genus includes both small, rock-dwelling species and larger, terrestrial plants.

Description

Asplenium ferns vary greatly in size and form, ranging from small, epiphytic species to larger, terrestrial plants. The fronds of Asplenium species may be simple and undivided, but more commonly they are pinnate (divided into leaflets) or more complexly divided. The sori are typically linear and are found on the underside of the fronds, aligned with the veins. The presence of a membranous covering called an indusium is a distinctive feature of the sori in many Asplenium species.

Habitat and Distribution

Asplenium species are found in a wide range of habitats, from dense forests to rocky outcrops, in both temperate and tropical regions across the globe. They are particularly diverse in tropical mountains but can also be found in temperate zones. Some species are adapted to harsh conditions, growing on rocks or in crevices, while others thrive in more fertile, moist soils in shaded areas.

Taxonomy

The taxonomy of Asplenium is complex and has undergone significant revisions with the advent of molecular phylogenetic studies. The genus is placed within the family Aspleniaceae, part of the order Polypodiales, in the class Polypodiopsida. Within the genus, species are grouped into several subgenera and sections based on morphological and genetic data.

Ecology

Asplenium ferns play an important role in their ecosystems, providing habitat and food for various insects and animals. Some species are known to form symbiotic relationships with mycorrhizal fungi, which help them absorb nutrients from the soil. The ability of some Asplenium species to grow on bare rock surfaces also aids in soil formation and stabilization.

Uses

While historically some Asplenium species were used in traditional medicine, today they are primarily valued for their ornamental appeal. Many species are cultivated in gardens and greenhouses for their attractive foliage. Some species, such as Asplenium nidus (the bird's nest fern), are popular indoor plants.

Conservation

Several Asplenium species are considered rare or endangered due to habitat loss, pollution, and over-collecting. Conservation efforts are underway in various parts of the world to protect these species and their natural habitats.