Assisted reproduction technology

Assisted Reproduction Technology

Assisted Reproduction Technology (ART) refers to medical procedures used primarily to address infertility. This includes a variety of techniques that aid in the conception of a child. ART is a rapidly evolving field that combines advances in reproductive medicine, embryology, and genetics.

Overview

ART encompasses a range of procedures that involve the manipulation of eggs, sperm, or embryos to achieve pregnancy. The most common and well-known ART procedure is in vitro fertilization (IVF), but there are several other techniques that fall under the ART umbrella.

Techniques

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

In vitro fertilization is the process of fertilizing an egg with sperm outside the body, in a laboratory setting. Once fertilization occurs, the resulting embryo is transferred to the uterus with the hope of achieving a successful pregnancy.

Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection is a specialized form of IVF where a single sperm is injected directly into an egg. This technique is often used in cases of severe male infertility.

Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT)

Gamete intrafallopian transfer involves placing eggs and sperm directly into a woman's fallopian tubes, allowing fertilization to occur naturally within the body.

Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer (ZIFT)

Zygote intrafallopian transfer is similar to GIFT, but the fertilization occurs in the laboratory, and the resulting zygote is then placed into the fallopian tube.

Cryopreservation

Cryopreservation is the process of freezing eggs, sperm, or embryos for future use. This technique is crucial for preserving fertility, especially for individuals undergoing medical treatments that may affect their reproductive capabilities.

Ethical and Legal Considerations

ART raises several ethical and legal issues, including the rights of donors, the status of unused embryos, and the implications of genetic screening. Different countries have varying regulations governing the use of ART.

Success Rates and Risks

The success rates of ART procedures vary depending on several factors, including the age of the woman, the cause of infertility, and the specific technique used. While ART can be highly effective, it also carries risks such as multiple pregnancies and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome.

History

The development of ART began in the late 20th century, with the first successful birth from IVF occurring in 1978. Since then, advancements in technology and techniques have significantly improved the success rates and accessibility of ART.

Future Directions

Research in ART continues to advance, with ongoing studies focusing on improving success rates, reducing risks, and expanding the possibilities of genetic screening and editing.

Also see

• Infertility
• Embryology
• Genetic counseling
• Surrogacy