Base pair

DNA base-pair diagram

Base pair GC

Base pair AT

Human karyotype with bands and sub-bands

Base pair (bp) refers to a unit of measurement used in molecular biology and genetics to describe the length of a DNA or RNA sequence. More fundamentally, it describes a pair of complementary nucleotides on opposite DNA strands in a double helix structure. The concept of base pairing is central to the understanding of DNA replication, transcription, and genetic recombination.

Overview

In the structure of DNA, which was elucidated by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953, two strands of nucleotides coil around each other to form a double helix. Each nucleotide in one strand forms a hydrogen bond with a nucleotide in the opposite strand. These nucleotides are known as base pairs. There are two types of base pairs in DNA: adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T), and cytosine (C) pairs with guanine (G). In RNA, thymine is replaced by uracil (U), so adenine pairs with uracil.

Base Pairing Rules

The pairing between nucleotides follows specific rules, known as the Chargaff's rules, after Erwin Chargaff who first observed them. These rules state that in any given DNA molecule, the amount of adenine equals the amount of thymine, and the amount of cytosine equals the amount of guanine. This complementarity ensures accurate DNA replication and transcription processes, as each strand can serve as a template for creating a new complementary strand.

Significance in Genetics

Base pairs are a crucial concept in genetics because they form the basis of genetic information storage and retrieval. The sequence of base pairs in a DNA molecule encodes the necessary information for building and maintaining an organism, in the form of genes. During gene expression, the DNA sequence is transcribed into RNA, and then, in most cases, translated into a protein sequence that performs a function in the cell.

Measurement

In genetics, the length of DNA and RNA molecules is often measured in base pairs. For example, the human genome contains approximately 3 billion base pairs. Short sequences may be measured in base pairs, whereas longer sequences might be referred to in kilobase pairs (kb, 1,000 base pairs) or megabase pairs (Mb, 1,000,000 base pairs).

Applications

Understanding base pairs and their interactions is fundamental to many applications in molecular biology and genetics, including:

• Genetic engineering, where scientists make specific changes to the DNA sequence of an organism.
• DNA sequencing, the process of determining the exact sequence of base pairs in a DNA molecule.
• Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a technique used to amplify a specific DNA segment, relies on the complementary nature of base pairs.
• Forensic science, where DNA profiling is used in criminal investigations and paternity testing.

Challenges and Errors

While base pairing is typically highly accurate, errors can occur during DNA replication or due to damage from external sources, leading to mutations. Some mutations can be benign, but others can lead to diseases, including cancer.