Bee propolis

Bee propolis, also known as bee glue, is a resinous mixture that honey bees produce by mixing saliva and beeswax with exudate gathered from tree buds, sap flows, or other botanical sources. It is used as a sealant for unwanted open spaces in the hive. Propolis is used for small gaps (approximately 6 millimeters or less), while larger spaces are usually filled with beeswax. Its color varies depending on its botanical source, the most common being dark brown.

Composition and Properties

Bee propolis composition varies from hive to hive, from district to district, and with the season of the year. Generally, it is composed of approximately 50% resins, 30% waxes, 10% essential oils, 5% pollen, and 5% various organic compounds. A wide range of antioxidants, including bioflavonoids, are found in propolis. The specific composition of any given sample of propolis depends on the trees and flowers the bees have access to.

Propolis has been noted for its antimicrobial properties. It is believed to prevent diseases and parasites from entering the hive and to inhibit fungal and bacterial growth. This is crucial for hive health, especially in the crowded, warm environment of a bee colony.

Uses

1. 1. 1. In Beekeeping###

In beekeeping, propolis is collected by bees to use as a building material and as a protective barrier. It is used to smooth out the internal walls of the hive and reduce the size of the entrance, aiding in the defense against predators.

1. 1. 1. Traditional Medicine###

Historically, propolis has been used in traditional medicine. Its antimicrobial, anti-fungal, and anti-viral properties make it valuable in a variety of applications, including the treatment of wounds, burns, acne, and throat infections. It is also used in some mouthwash and toothpaste formulations for its oral health benefits.

1. 1. 1. Supplements and Cosmetics###

Propolis is found in various dietary supplements and cosmetics. In supplements, it is touted for its potential immune-boosting properties. In cosmetics, it is used for its skin-healing and anti-inflammatory properties.

Research

Scientific research into propolis is ongoing. Studies have explored its potential as an antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer agent. However, more research is needed to fully understand its mechanisms and potential health benefits.

Safety and Allergies

While propolis is generally considered safe for most people, it can cause allergic reactions in some, especially those who are allergic to bees or bee products. It is always recommended to test for an allergic reaction by applying a small amount to the skin before using it extensively.

Environmental Impact

The collection of propolis has minimal impact on the environment. Beekeeping practices that encourage the sustainable harvesting of propolis and other bee products can contribute to the health of bee populations and the broader ecosystem.