Breast and ovarian cancer

Breast and Ovarian Cancer

Breast and ovarian cancer are two distinct types of cancer that primarily affect women, although breast cancer can also occur in men. These cancers originate in the breast tissue and ovaries, respectively, and are significant due to their prevalence and impact on women's health worldwide.

1. 1. Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is a malignant tumor that develops from the cells of the breast. It is one of the most common cancers affecting women globally. The risk factors for breast cancer include age, genetic mutations (such as BRCA1 and BRCA2), family history, personal history of breast cancer, and certain lifestyle factors.

1. 1. 1. Symptoms

Common symptoms of breast cancer include: - A lump or mass in the breast - Change in breast shape or size - Dimpling of the skin - Nipple discharge - Redness or pitting of the breast skin

1. 1. 1. Diagnosis

Breast cancer is diagnosed through a combination of physical examinations, mammography, ultrasound, and biopsy. Mammography is a key screening tool that helps in early detection.

1. 1. 1. Treatment

Treatment options for breast cancer depend on the stage and type of cancer and may include: - Surgery (lumpectomy or mastectomy) - Radiation therapy - Chemotherapy - Hormonal therapy - Targeted therapy

1. 1. Ovarian Cancer

Ovarian cancer originates in the ovaries and is often detected at a later stage due to subtle symptoms. It is less common than breast cancer but is more lethal due to its late presentation.

1. 1. 1. Symptoms

Symptoms of ovarian cancer can include: - Abdominal bloating or swelling - Quickly feeling full when eating - Weight loss - Pelvic discomfort - Changes in bowel habits

1. 1. 1. Diagnosis

Diagnosis of ovarian cancer typically involves: - Pelvic examination - Imaging tests such as ultrasound or CT scans - Blood tests, including CA-125 - Surgical evaluation

1. 1. 1. Treatment

Treatment for ovarian cancer often involves: - Surgery to remove the ovaries and other affected tissues - Chemotherapy - Targeted therapy

1. 1. Genetic Links

Both breast and ovarian cancer can be linked to genetic mutations, particularly in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. Women with these mutations have a higher risk of developing these cancers and may consider preventive measures such as increased surveillance or prophylactic surgery.

1. 1. Prevention and Screening

- Breast Cancer: Regular mammograms and self-examinations are recommended for early detection. - Ovarian Cancer: There is no effective screening test for ovarian cancer, but genetic testing and awareness of family history can help in risk assessment.

Also see

- BRCA1 - BRCA2 - Mammography - Chemotherapy - Hormonal therapy