Buffalo jump

A Buffalo jump is an archaeological site where evidence of prehistoric hunting methods can be found. These sites were used by Indigenous peoples in North America to hunt bison (commonly referred to as buffalo) by driving them off cliffs. Buffalo jumps offer significant insights into the culture and ways of life of Native Americans before the arrival of Europeans.

History

Buffalo jumps were most commonly used during the late Pre-Columbian era, before the introduction of horses to North America in the 16th century. The use of buffalo jumps declined after Indigenous peoples acquired horses, which allowed for more efficient hunting methods. The oldest buffalo jump sites have been dated to around 12,000 years ago, indicating their importance in prehistoric times.

Method

The method of hunting at a buffalo jump involved a great deal of planning and coordination. Young men, known as "buffalo runners," were trained to herd the bison towards the cliff by creating a funnel-like formation using rocks, sticks, and even themselves dressed in animal skins. This method relied on the bison's natural tendency to follow a leader and their poor depth perception. Once the bison were moving in the desired direction, the buffalo runners would lead them towards the cliff at a run, resulting in the bison falling to their deaths or sustaining injuries that would make them easier to kill.

Cultural Significance

Buffalo jumps were more than just hunting sites; they were integral to the survival and culture of the Indigenous peoples. The bison provided food, clothing, shelter, and tools, making them an essential resource. The communal nature of the hunt and the distribution of the bison parts reinforced social bonds and ensured the survival of the community through the harsh winters.

Notable Sites

One of the most famous buffalo jump sites is Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump, located in Alberta, Canada. This UNESCO World Heritage Site contains one of the oldest and best-preserved buffalo jumps in North America. Other notable sites include the Madison Buffalo Jump in Montana and the Vore Buffalo Jump in Wyoming.

Preservation

Today, buffalo jumps are protected as archaeological and cultural heritage sites. They serve as a reminder of the ingenuity and survival skills of the Indigenous peoples of North America. Preservation efforts are crucial for maintaining these sites for educational and research purposes, as well as for honoring the cultural heritage of Native American tribes.

See Also

• Indigenous peoples of the Americas
• American bison
• Pre-Columbian era
• Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump