Bunraku

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Bunraku (文楽), also known as Ningyō jōruri (人形浄瑠璃), is a traditional form of Japanese puppet theater. It originated in the 17th century and has since become one of Japan's most celebrated performing arts. Bunraku combines three main elements: the puppeteers, the chanters, and the musicians.

History[edit | edit source]

Bunraku originated during the Edo period in the early 1600s. It evolved from earlier forms of puppet theater and storytelling, particularly the jōruri narrative chanting. The art form was significantly developed by Chikamatsu Monzaemon, a playwright who is often referred to as the "Shakespeare of Japan." His collaboration with the chanter Takemoto Gidayū led to the creation of many classic Bunraku plays.

Performance Elements[edit | edit source]

Bunraku performances are characterized by the intricate manipulation of large puppets, which are typically about one-half to two-thirds life-size. Each puppet is operated by three puppeteers: the main puppeteer (omozukai), who controls the head and right hand; the left-hand puppeteer (hidarizukai or sashizukai); and the foot puppeteer (ashizukai).

The narrative is delivered by a chanter (tayū), who provides the voices for all characters and narrates the story. The chanter is accompanied by a musician playing the shamisen, a traditional Japanese string instrument.

Puppets[edit | edit source]

Bunraku puppets are highly detailed and can express a wide range of emotions. The heads and hands are carved from wood and are often elaborately painted. The puppets' costumes are made from luxurious fabrics and are designed to reflect the characters' social status and personality.

Themes and Stories[edit | edit source]

Bunraku plays often explore themes of loyalty, love, and revenge. Many stories are adaptations of historical events or classical literature. Some of the most famous Bunraku plays include "The Love Suicides at Sonezaki" (Sonezaki Shinjū) and "The Treasury of Loyal Retainers" (Chūshingura).

Modern Bunraku[edit | edit source]

Today, Bunraku is performed by several professional troupes, the most prominent being the National Bunraku Theatre in Osaka. The art form is also recognized by UNESCO as an Intangible Cultural Heritage.