Burkholderia pseudomallei

A comprehensive overview of Burkholderia pseudomallei''

Overview

Burkholderia pseudomallei is a Gram-negative, bipolar, aerobic, motile rod-shaped bacterium. It is the causative agent of melioidosis, a disease endemic in tropical regions, particularly in Southeast Asia and northern Australia. The bacterium is found in soil and water and can infect humans and animals through direct contact with contaminated sources.

Morphology and Characteristics

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Close-up of Burkholderia pseudomallei colonies on agar.

Burkholderia pseudomallei is characterized by its ability to grow on a variety of media, forming smooth, creamy colonies. The bacterium is motile due to the presence of flagella and exhibits a distinctive bipolar staining pattern, often described as "safety pin" appearance under the microscope.

Pathogenesis

The pathogenesis of Burkholderia pseudomallei involves its ability to survive and replicate within host cells, evading the immune response. It can cause a wide range of clinical manifestations, from localized skin infections to severe pneumonia and septicemia. The bacterium's virulence factors include a type III secretion system, which injects effector proteins into host cells, and a polysaccharide capsule that aids in immune evasion.

Epidemiology

Melioidosis, the disease caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei, is predominantly found in regions with high rainfall and warm temperatures. The bacterium is endemic in countries such as Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, and northern Australia. Infection rates are higher during the rainy season when the bacterium is more prevalent in the environment.

Clinical Manifestations

The clinical presentation of melioidosis can vary widely. Common symptoms include fever, cough, chest pain, and abscess formation. In severe cases, the infection can lead to septic shock and organ failure. Chronic melioidosis may mimic tuberculosis, with symptoms such as weight loss, night sweats, and chronic cough.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of melioidosis is primarily based on the isolation of Burkholderia pseudomallei from clinical specimens such as blood, sputum, or pus. Laboratory identification involves culture on selective media, biochemical tests, and molecular methods such as PCR.

Treatment

Treatment of melioidosis requires prolonged antibiotic therapy. The initial intensive phase typically involves intravenous administration of ceftazidime or meropenem, followed by an eradication phase with oral antibiotics such as trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are crucial to reduce mortality.

Prevention

Preventive measures include avoiding contact with contaminated soil and water, especially for individuals with open wounds or compromised immune systems. In endemic areas, public health education and awareness are essential to reduce the risk of infection.

Related pages

• Melioidosis
• Gram-negative bacteria
• Bacterial pathogenesis